<p>Lake Macleod is the westernmost lake in Australia. The lake lies in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia, north of the small coastal city of.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dirk Hartog, a Dutchman, made the first authenticated landing by a European along this coastline in 1616. Early explorers recorded phenomenal tidal ranges along this coast.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Climatically, this part of Western Australia is greatly influenced by the north-flowing Western Australian Current that brings cool water northward from Antarctica, which is not conducive to producing inland precipitation. This cool offshore current, coupled with a very flat coastal plain, contributes to the near-desert-like conditions along the coastal region as evidenced by the brown landscape around the lake and the highly reflective salt beds within the lake. The low point in the lake appears to be near the northern end where the light blues indicate some standing water. Close inspection of the image discloses very faint lines at the southernmost end of Lake Macleod where large evaporation beds are used for the production of high-quality salt and gypsum.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The lake is recognised as a DIWA wetland as it is an outstanding example of a major lake situated on the coast that is periodically inundated by freshwater</p><br>
<h3>Birds</h3><br>
<p>Some 382 km&sup2; of the permanent ponds in the north-western part of the lake have been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because they support fairy terns, over 1% of the world populations of red-necked stints, curlew sandpipers, banded stilts, red-necked avocets and red-capped plovers, as well as a population of dusky gerygones. The northern ponds consist of intermittently flooded, brackish to hypersaline mudflats surrounding saline springs and permanent saline channels and lagoons. Large numbers of red knots, Australian pelicans, little black cormorants, black-tailed godwits and black-winged stilts have been recorded. A substantial population of canary white-eyes is present.</p><br>
<p>The Sidlaws , also called the Sidlaw Hills and Sidlaw Range, are a range of hills of volcanic origin in the counties of Perthshire and Angus in Scotland that extend for 30 miles  from Kinnoull Hill, near Perth, northeast to Forfar. Principal peaks within the Sidlaws include Ark Hill and King&#39;s Seat.</p><br>
<p>Points of interest include Dunsinane Hill, mentioned in Shakespeare&#39;s play Macbeth, and Auchterhouse Hill, which was the site of an ancient hill fort. The ruined observatory on Kinpurnie Hill was built by James Stuart-Mackenzie who owned the Kinpurnie estate and can be seen for many miles on the Strathmore side of the Sidlaws. There is a local legend that a poacher named Brandon Henderson lived as a hermit in the tower for seven years in order to win a £100 bet.</p><br>
<p>The highest of the Sidlaws is Craigowl Hill. Adjacent to Craigowl Hill is Gallow Hill, on the side of which is located the Angus transmitting station, which provides television and radio services to the region.</p><br>
<p>Nearby historical features to the north include Glamis Castle and the Eassie Stone, a carved Pictish cross slab-stone (now situated in a ruined church in the village of Eassie).</p><br>
<p>Beautifully coloured agates, which formed over millions of years in cavities (originally gas bubbles) in the volcanic lava which formed the hills, are occasionally to be found weathered out of the rock in the surrounding fields.</p><br>
<p>Sidlaw Hills is also the name of a Schottische marching tune composed for the fiddle by Jim Watson of Blairgowrie (1868 - 1931)</p><br>
<p>Semeru, or Mount Semeru , is an active volcano located in East Java, Indonesia. It is the highest mountain on the island of Java. This stratovolcano is also known as Mahameru, meaning The Great Mountain&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The name derived from the Hindu-Buddhist mythical mountain of Meru or Sumeru, the abode of gods.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Known also as Mahameru (The Great Mountain), it is very steep rising abruptly above the coastal plains of eastern Java. Maars containing crater lakes have formed along a line through the summit of the volcano. It was formed south of the overlapping Ajek-ajek and Jambagan calderas. Semeru lies at the south end of the Tengger Volcanic Complex.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Semeru&#39;s eruptive history is extensive. Since 1818, at least 55 eruptions have been recorded (10 of which resulted in fatalities) consisting of both lava flows and pyroclastic flows. All historical eruptions have had a VEI of 2 or 3.</p><br>
<p>Semeru has been in a state of near-constant eruption from 1967 to the present. At times, small eruptions happen every 20 minutes or so.</p><br>
<p>Semeru is regularly climbed by tourists, usually starting from the village of Ranu Pane to the north, but though non-technical it can be dangerous. Soe Hok Gie, an Indonesian political activist of the 1960s died in 1969 from inhaling poisonous gases while hiking on Mount Semeru.</p><br>
<h2>Mythology</h2><br>
<p>Semeru is named from Sumeru, the central world-mountain in Buddhist cosmology and by extension Hinduism. As stated in legend, it was transplanted from India; the tale is recorded in the 15th-century East Javanese work Tantu Pagelaran. It was originally placed in the western part of the island, but that caused the island to tip, so it was moved eastward. On that journey, parts kept coming off the lower rim, forming the mountains Lawu, Wilis, Kelud, Kawi, Arjuno and Welirang. The damage thus caused to the foot of the mountain caused it to shake, and the top came off and created Penanggungan as well. Indonesian Hindus also hold a belief that the mountain is the abode of Shiva in Java.</p><br>
<h2>Plantation problems</h2><br>
<h3>Foreign invasive plants</h3><br>
<p>In 2014, there are as many as 25 non-native plants in Mount Semeru National Park, which threaten the endemic local plants. The foreign plants were imported by a Dutch botanist named Van Steenis, in the colonial era. They include Foeniculum vulgare mill, Verbena brasiliensis, chromolaena odorata, and Salvinia molesta.</p><br>
<h3>Vegetable plantations</h3><br>
<p>Mud erosion from surrounding vegetable plantations are also making problem of silting of Ranu Pane Lake, which the lake becomes smaller and shallower. Research predicted the lake will disappear in about 2025, except the kind of vegetables plantation is replaced with more ecological plantations.</p><br>
<p>Lake Bunyonyi  is in south-western Uganda between Kisoro and Kabale, and it is close to the border with Rwanda. The lake appears on the 5,000 Ugandan shilling note under the title "Lake Bunyonyi and terraces".</p><br>
<p>Towns on its shores include Kyevu and Muko, while its 29 islands include Punishment Island and Bushara Island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake Bunyonyi is a body of water 7 km west of Kabale town.</p><br>
<h2>Main islands</h2><br>
<h3>Akampene (Punishment Island)</h3><br>
<p>The Bakiga used to leave unmarried pregnant girls on this small island with - to die of hunger or while trying to swim to the mainland (swimming skills were rare). This was to intimidate the rest, to show them not to do the same. A man without cows to pay the bride price could go to the island and pick up a girl. The practice got abandoned in the first half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h3>Bwama and Njuyeera (Sharp's Island)</h3><br>
<p>In 1921, English missionary Leonard Sharp came to this part of Uganda and in 1931 established a leprosy treatment centre on the then uninhabited Bwama island. A church, patient quarters (model villages), and a medical facility were built, while Sharp settled on Njuyeera Island (probably meaning "white cottage" after the similarity of the doctors small white house to Sharps fathers house in Shanklin, now The White House Hotel). The rationale of the leprosy colony was that of "voluntary segregation", where the provision of a happy community to live in would attract leprosy sufferers, so removing them from the communities where they might infect others.</p><br>
<p>Lake McDonald is the largest lake in Glacier National Park. It is located at {{coord|48|35|N|113|55|W|region:US}} in Flathead County in the U.S. state of Montana. Lake McDonald is approximately 10 miles  long, and over a mile  wide and 472 feet  deep, filling a valley formed by a combination of erosion and glacial activity. Lake McDonald lies at an elevation of 3,153 ft and is on the west side of the Continental Divide. The Going-to-the-Sun Road parallels the lake along its southern shoreline. The surface area of the lake is 6,823 acres .</p><br>
<p>The lake is home to numerous native species of trout, and other game fish. Catchable species include, but are not limited to - westslope cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, bull trout (char), lake trout (char), Lake Superior whitefish, mountain whitefish, kokanee salmon (landlocked sockeye), and suckers. However, the lake is nutrient-poor and is not considered a prime fishing destination. Grizzly bears, black bear, moose, and mule deer are found in many places near the lake but are most common on the north shore. The lake is surrounded by a dense coniferous forest dominated by various species of spruce, fir, and larch.</p><br>
<p>At the westernmost section of the lake in Apgar there is a National Park Service visitor center with limited lodging and dining facilities. Lake McDonald Lodge is the largest lodging facility on the lake and is approximately 5 mi east along the Going-to-the-Sun Road. The lodge was constructed in 1913-14 to resemble a rustic hunting lodge with Swiss-influenced architecture.</p><br>
<p>McDonald Creek flows into and drains from the lake, and empties into the Middle Fork Flathead River shortly after.</p><br>
<p>Evosmos  is a suburb of the Thessaloniki Urban Area and was a former municipality in the regional unit of Thessaloniki, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kordelio-Evosmos, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It has a land area of 9.927 km² and its population is 74,686 . Due to rapid development, the population has been growing fast. Most of the new development is taking place in the northern district of the municipality called Nea Politeia .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Evosmos&#39; first dramatic increase in population occurred when refugees from Asia Minor settled in the area in the early 20th Century. The municipality was originally called Harmanköy (Χαρμάνκιοϊ). In 1953, Harmanköy became an independent community and was renamed Neos Koukloutzas (Νέος Κουκλουτζάς). Two years later it was renamed again to Evosmos, meaning a place that smells nice. A marsh was removed, and with it the nefarious odors it emitted.</p><br>
<h2>Life in the Municipality</h2><br>
<p>Most cultural activity takes place around the municipality&#39;s main square. The square is surrounded by cafes, bars, the city hall, and the main church of the municipality.</p><br>
<p>The main shopping street, Megalou Alexandrou, is just to the north of the square. The cultural center and cinema are located on this street.</p><br>
<h2>Religion</h2><br>
<p>There are three churches in the municipality. Agios Athanasios was built in 1818 and is the oldest of the three. Evagelismos is the largest and is located by the square. The Church of the Three Hierarchs is the newest church and is located in the Nea Politeia district.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>The Municipal Athletic Center of Evosmos (in Greek Δημοτικό Αθλητικό Κέντρο Ευόσμου) is located in Nea Politeia. It has indoor basketball and volleyball courts. The Center is used as temporary home by Iraklis Volley for their matches in CEV Champions League. It has also hosted the 2003 Juniors World Basketball Championships first round.</p><br>
<p>Agrotikos Asteras is the local football club that plays professionally in the B&#39; Division - Football League (Greece). Other smaller clubs include Aias Evosmou, A. E. Evosmou, Ethnikos Evosmou and Makedon Evosmou, all of which play in the amateur leagues.</p><br>
<p>Several notable athletes have come out of Evosmos. Some of the better-known figures include Dinos Kouis and Georgios Firos who both started their careers at Agrotikos Asteras and went on to play for Aris Thessaloniki as well as the national team. Nikos Hatzivrettas is a notable basketball player who began his career at Aias Evosmou.</p><br>
<p>The Devil&#39;s Arrows are three standing stones or menhirs in an alignment erected near where the A1 road now crosses the River Ure at Boroughbridge in North Yorkshire, England.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>Erected in prehistoric times and distinctively grooved by millennia of rainfall, the tallest stone is 22 feet 6 inches in height making this the tallest menhir in the United Kingdom after the Rudston Monolith which is 25 feet tall. The stones stand 150 feet from the A1 and it is thought that the alignment originally included up to five stones. William Camden mentions four stones in his Britannia, noting that "one was lately pulled downe by some that hoped, though in vaine, to finde treasure." One was apparently displaced during a failed treasure hunt during the 18th century and later used as the base for a nearby bridge over a river. The stones are composed of millstone grit, the most likely source of which is Plumpton Rocks two miles south of Knaresborough and about nine miles from where the stones stand today.</p><br>
<p>The outer stones are 200 and 370 feet away from the central stone and form an alignment that is almost straight, running NNW-SSE. It is thought that they may have been arranged to align with the southernmost summer moonrise. The stones are part of a wider Neolithic complex on the Ure-Swale plateau which incorporates the Thornborough Henges.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name comes from a legend, which goes back to 1721, that says the Devil threw the stones, aiming at the next town of Aldborough. He stood on Howe Hill and shouted, "Borobrigg keep out o&#39; way, for Aldborough town I will ding down!". However, the stones fell short and landed near Boroughbridge instead.</p><br>
<p>The Calore Irpino or Calore Beneventano or Calore River is a river in southwestern Italy. It rises from the Monte Cervialto, elevation 1,809 m above sea level, in the Monti Picentini sub-range of the Apennine Mountains. The river flows first in the province of Avellino, and then in that of Benevento, before flowing into the Volturno. In ancient times it was known as Calor.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>On 8 May 663, a large detachment of the army of the Eastern Emperor Constans II, which had invaded the Lombard Duchy of Benevento, was defeated here in battle by the army of King Grimoald, under the joined command of Mitola, Count of Capua, and Grimoald&#39;s son, Romuald.</p><br>
<p>Having already abandoned the siege of Benevento and every small conquest done in Italy, Constans, falling back to Naples, lost any hope to push back the Lombards and re-establish Byzantine sovereignty over southern Italy.</p><br>
<p>The Sele is a river in southwestern Italy. Originating from the Monti Picentini in Caposele, it flows through the region of Campania, in the provinces of Salerno and Avellino. Its mouth is in the Gulf of Salerno, on the Tyrrhenian Sea, at the borders between the municipalities of Eboli and Capaccio , in the beginning point of Cilentan Coast.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The important Greek site of Foce del Sele, a sanctuary complex dedicated to the goddess Hera, is at the ancient mouth of the river, though little remains on the site; the relief friezes and other finds are now in the museum at Paestum. At this period the Sele represented the border of the Greek and Etruscan zones of influence along the coast.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrography</h2><br>
<p>In terms of average water discharge of southern Italian rivers, it is second only to the Volturno. Its main tributaries are the Tanagro, the Calore Lucano and the Tenza. In ancient times it was known as Silarus. This river is the location of the battle of the Silarus in which Hannibal won a major victory over the Romans, and it is also the place of the battle in which Spartacus and his rebellion against the Romans died.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The municipalities crossed by the river, from the mouth to the origin, are Eboli, Capaccio, Albanella, Serre, Campagna, Contursi Terme, Oliveto Citra, Colliano, Senerchia, Valva, Calabritto and Caposele. Despite of its name, demonym of the river, the municipality of Altavilla Silentina is not crossed by Sele.</p><br>
<p>Ramsey Lake is a lake in Sudbury, Ontario, located near the citys downtown core. Until 2001, Ramsey Lake was listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the worlds largest lake located entirely within the boundaries of a single city, but when the Regional Municipality of Sudbury was amalgamated into the current city of Greater Sudbury, Ramsey Lake lost this status to the larger Lake Wanapitei, approximately 20 km to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>"Ramsey" is the correct spelling of the lakes name, although some sources refer to it as "Ramsay&quot different sources give the lakes name in both the "Lake Ramsey" and "Ramsey Lake" forms. Prior to the establishment of the modern city of Sudbury, the lake was known to the local Ojibwe population as Bitimagamasing, or "water that lies on the side of the hill".</p><br>
<p>Science North is located on the southwest corner of the lake, and offers the William Ramsey boat tour, formerly the Cortina, of the lake several times daily during the summer. The citys Bell Park is also located nearby, and the Jim Gordon Boardwalk connects the two sites along the lakeshore. Laurentian University is also located near the lakes southern shore. Residential neighbourhoods immediately south of the lake are among the wealthiest in the city. On the eastern end of the lake, Moonlight Beach is a popular recreational facility, and the Lake Laurentian Conservation Area is a large wilderness park which offers both recreational and environmental education programs.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Ramsey Lake was also the site of one of the citys first major environmental reclamation projects. Due to air pollution problems in the area, the lake — which has few water flow outlets — was considered a dead lake for many years. However, following the 1972 construction of the Inco Superstack, which dispersed smelter emissions from the citys mining industry over a wider area, a major environmental project was launched to clean up the lake&#39;s water and reintroduce aquatic life.</p><br>
<p>The project, which was successful, led to further initiatives to improve the citys environment, including a major tree-planting initiative. In 1992, the United Nations presented the city of Sudbury with an award to recognize the citys innovative environmental reclamation strategies.</p><br>
<p>Blue-green algae blooms that can produce toxins may be present in the lake.</p><br>
<p>Ramsey Lake now has a diverse population of fish, which includes walleye, northern pike, smallmouth bass, yellow perch, white sucker, pumpkinseed, and rock bass.</p><br>
<h2>Pop culture</h2><br>
<p>Ramsey Lake was cited in the modern television show Heroes. The body of Eden McCain was found there after her murder by the serial killer Sylar. The scriptwriters erroneously placed it "100 miles out of Ontario". In fact, Sudbury is inside Ontario, 214 mi north of Toronto.</p><br>
<p>The Central American Volcanic Arc  is a chain of volcanoes which extends parallel to the Pacific coast line of the Central American Isthmus, from Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and down to northern Panama. This volcanic arc, which has a length of 1,500 km, is formed by an active subduction zone along the western boundary of the Caribbean Plate.</p><br>
<p>The Central American Volcanic Arc includes hundreds of volcanic formations, ranging from major stratovolcanoes, to lava domes and cinder cones. Some of these have produced large explosive eruptions, like the colossal VEI 6 eruption of the Santa Maria volcano in 1902.</p><br>
<p>Central America&#39;s highest volcanoes are found in Guatemala and include the Tajumulco and Volcán Tacaná, both above 4,000 meters.</p><br>
<p>Several volcanoes in Central America are currently active, including Arenal, Turrialba, Irazú, Poás, and Rincon de la Vieja in Costa Rica; Cerro Negro, San Cristóbal, Concepción in Nicaragua; Chaparrastique or San Miguel, Ilamatepec or Santa Ana, Izalco in El Salvador; Santa Maria/Santiaguito, Pacaya, Fuego in Guatemala.</p><br>
<p>Bushnell Park in Hartford, Connecticut is the oldest publicly funded park in the United States. It was conceived by the Reverend Horace Bushnell in the mid-1850s at a time when the need for open public spaces was just starting to be recognized. Today the park comprises 50 acre of green space, and is visited by over one million people each year. Paths through the park contribute to the East Coast Greenway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hartford in the 1850s was a rapidly growing river town, doubling in population from 1850 to 1860. The city’s economy was booming, driven by industries such as publishing, insurance, banking, munitions, manufacturing and river shipping. Like many American cities of the time, Hartford was enjoying the benefits of the Industrial Revolution. But along with this growth came some growing pains, including crime, crowded tenements, poverty, poor sanitation, polluted water and air. It was in this context that Bushnell presented an idea that had not been suggested in any other American city: the creation of a public park, financed entirely by public funds.</p><br>
<p>Initial public reaction was skeptical. Hard-nosed business leaders were opposed to removing taxable property from the tax rolls. Furthermore, it was hard to imagine a less likely place for a green, peaceful park than Bushnell’s proposed site, which was home to two leather tanneries, a soapworks, pigsties and other livestock–even a garbage dump. A railroad spur ran through it and the smelly Park River, polluted with the city’s industrial waste, ran alongside it. Crowded tenements lined both banks of the river, with their outhouses in the back emptying directly into the sluggish current. Even Rev. Bushnell described it as “hell without the fire.”</p><br>
<p>However, after hearing Dr. Bushnell’s presentation in October 1853, the Hartford City Council voted unanimously in November to spend public funds to buy the land that was to become Bushnell Park. Hartford voters approved the expenditure on Jan. 5, 1854, by a vote of 1,687 to 683, making it the first municipal park in the nation to be conceived, built and paid for by citizens through a popular vote.</p><br>
<p>But six years later the park still had not taken shape. Reverend Bushnell asked his good friend and Hartford native, Frederick Law Olmsted, to design the layout of the park. Olmsted, however, was occupied at the time with the double-duty of designing of New York Citys Central Park and Springfield, Massachusetts Forest Park, and thus declined the offer. Olmsted recommended Jacob Weidenmann, a Swiss-born landscape architect and botanist. Weidenmann&#39;s plan for the park included graceful paths and clusters of trees that shielded strollers from the sounds of the city, and enhanced the presence of the Park River which flowed through the park.</p><br>
<p>Later additions to the park include: the Horace Wells Monument in 1875, sculpted by Truman Howe Bartlett; the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Arch, designed by George Keller in 1886 to commemorate those who fought in the American Civil War; the Corning Fountain in 1899, with sculpture by J. Massey Rhind; the carousel in 1974; and the performance pavilion in 1995.</p><br>
<p>As a result of seasonal flooding and pollution, and especially after damage from the great flood of 1936, the Park River was buried in underground conduits, and a main feature of the park was lost. A pond was later added to return a water feature to the park. Today Bushnell Park is a focal point in downtown Hartford, and it is the site of several festivals and music events each year.</p><br>
<p>The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>Mount Lamington is an andesitic stratovolcano in the Oro Province of Papua New Guinea. The forested peak of the volcano had not been recognised as such until its devastating eruption in 1951 that caused about 3,000 deaths.</p><br>
<p>The volcano rises to 1680 m above the coastal plain north of the Owen Stanley Range. A summit complex of lava domes and crater remnants rises above a low-angle base of volcaniclastic deposits that are dissected by radial valleys. A prominent broad "avalanche valley" extends northward from the breached crater.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named after Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington who was Governor of Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>1951 eruption</h2><br>
<p>Mount Lamington began to erupt on the night of January 18, 1951. Three days later there was a violent eruption when a large part of the northern side of the mountain was blown away and devastating pyroclastic flows (steam and smoke) poured from the gap for a considerable time afterwards.</p><br>
<p>The area of extreme damage extended over a radius of about 12 km, while people near Higaturu, 14 km from the volcano, were killed by the blast or burned to death. The pyroclastic flows and subsequent eruptions of dust and ash which filled streams and tanks, caused the death of some 3,000 persons, and considerable damage.</p><br>
<p>Rescue parties which arrived on the scene were hampered by suffocating pumice dust and sulphurous fumes, and hot ashes on the ground. The advance post of relief workers at Popondetta was threatened with destruction by other eruptions during the several days following. Further tremors and explosions occurred during February. As late as 5 March a major eruption occurred which threw large pieces of the volcanic dome as far as three kilometres and caused a flow of pumice and rocks for a distance of 14km, the whole time being so hot as to set fire to every tree in its path.</p><br>
<p>Volcanologist and former Australian Army Warrant Officer, Tony Taylor, studied the volcano during the eruption cycle. His work is credited to saving lives by informing rescue parties when it was safe to go into the area. In 1952 he was awarded a George Cross for his efforts.</p><br>
<p>St. Bartholomews Church, commonly called St. Barts, is a historic Episcopal parish founded in January 1835, and located on the east side of Park Avenue between 50th and 51st Street in Midtown Manhattan, in New York City.</p><br>
<p>On October 31, 2016, the St. Bartholomew&#39;s Church and Community House complex was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Former structures</h2><br>
<p>The congregation&#39;s first location was opened for service in January 1835, in a plain church at the corner of Great Jones Street and fashionable Lafayette Place.</p><br>
<p>The second location, built from 1872 to 1876 The magnificent bronze doors, with bas-reliefs in panels depicting episodes from the Old and New Testaments, were carried out by some of New Yorks established sculptors: Andrew OConnor, working freely under the general direction of Daniel Chester French, executed the main door; the south door was executed by Herbert Adams, the north door by Philip Martiny.</p><br>
<h2>Present structure</h2><br>
<p>The current church was erected in 1916–17. The original freely handled and simplified Byzantine Revival design by Bertram Goodhue was called "a jewel in a monumental setting" by Christine Smith in 1988. Goodhue modified his design in response to the requirement that the old church portal, beloved by the parishioners, be preserved, with its bronze doors, from the Madison Avenue building and re-erected on the new site.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone of Goodhues original design, a vast, unified barrel-vaulted space, without side aisles or chapels and with severely reduced transepts, was laid 1 May 1917 and the construction was sufficiently far along for the church to be consecrated in 1918; its design was altered during construction, after Goodhues sudden, unexpected death in 1924, by his office associates, in partnership as Mayers, Murray and Philips; they were engaged in erecting the community house, continuing with the same materials, subtly variegated salmon and cream-colored bricks and creamy Indiana limestone; they designed the terrace that still provides the equivalent of a small square, surrounded by the cliff-like facades of Midtown commercial structures (illustration, upper right); in summer, supplied with umbrellas and tables, it becomes the outside dining area for the restaurant, Inside Park. They also inserted the "much discussed" dome, tile-patterned on the exterior and with a polychrome Hispano-Moresque interior dome, which substituted for the spire that had been planned but never built. Completed in 1930, the church contains stained-glass windows and mosaics by Hildreth Meiere, and a marble baptismal font by the Danish follower of Canova, Bertel Thorvaldsen. St. Bartholomews, completed by 1930 at a cost of $5,400,000, is one of the citys landmarks. For long one of New Yorks wealthiest parishes, St. Barts is known for a wide range of programs. It draws parishioners from all areas of New York City and surroundings. It is the final resting place for actresses Lillian Gish (1893–1993), Dorothy Gish (1898–1968), and their mother Mary Gish (1876–1948).</p><br>
<h3>Landmark status</h3><br>
<p>Saint Bartholomews Church and Community House was designated a landmark by the New York Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1967, a move opposed at the time by the rector and vestry. Beginning in 1981, St. Bartholomews found itself the subject of a much-publicized case concerning air rights in the highly-competitive New York real estate market clashing with historical preservation. The parishioners wanted to replace the community house and open terrace with a speculative high-rise commercial structure that would re-capitalize the parish&#39;s depleted funds; following a series of public hearing the Landmarks Preservation Commission turned down the plans for a fifty-nine story office building.</p><br>
<p>The case, St. Bartholomews Church v. New York Landmarks Preservation Commission, raised as a constitutional issue the question whether churches and religious buildings should be exempt from historic ordinances. In 1989, the USA District Court for the Southern District of New York rejected the parishs claim, upholding the constitutionality of the Landmarks Law as applied to property owned by religious groups. The USA Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed this decision in 1990, and the USA Supreme Court denied certiorari (i.e., declined to hear the appeal) in 1991. It was a victory for landmark preservation.</p><br>
<h2>Music</h2><br>
<p>St. Bartholomews is noted for its pipe organ, the largest in New York and one of the ten largest in the world. One of the churchs former choir-directors was the famous conductor Leopold Stokowski, who was brought from Europe by St. Barts; he was followed by the organist-choirmaster David McKinley Williams. Another of the churchs music directors was Harold Friedell, the well-known composer and Juilliard educator. The church&#39;s choir has achieved distinction under the direction of conductors such as William Trafka and James Litton. The Chorister Program has also had success in bringing together children ages 6–18 to sing in the church, and has been featured on shows such as The Today Show and Good Morning America.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In the 1981 movie Arthur, Arthurs (Dudley Moore) wedding with Susan Johnson (Jill Eikenberry) was to take place at St. Barts. The infamous wedding scene in the remake of the same film was also filmed at St. Bart&#39;s in July 2010.</p><br>
<p>In the 2010 film Salt, the Russian President is supposedly killed in the church while delivering a eulogy at the funeral of the late American Vice President.</p><br>
<p>In the television series Mad Men, Margaret Sterling, the daughter of Roger Sterling, plans to marry in the church.</p><br>
<p>Mount Moosilauke is a 4,802 ft mountain at the southwestern end of the White Mountains in the town of Benton, New Hampshire, United States. It is the tenth highest and most southwesterly of the 4,000 foot summits in the White Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Moosilauke is ranked 9th on the New England Fifty Finest peaks, a list of summits with the highest topographic prominence. The Appalachian Trail passes over the mountain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Gentle Giant".</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name Moosilauke (with its many variant spellings) is derived from the Abenaki language. The most common translation is "bald place". However, the derivation of place names from Algonquian languages is often quite uncertain, and other possible translations of Moosilauke include "at the place of ferns", "at the smooth place on the summit" and "good moose place along the brook".</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Moosilauke is made up of metamorphic rock called the Littleton Formation which is Lower Devonian in age. The Littleton Formation is primarily a mica schist with zones containing garnet and staurolite-sillimanite. The unit also contains interbedded amphibolites. The mica schist started out as clay-rich mud in a marine basin that probably formed during the early Acadian Orogeny. The amphibolites may represent metamorphosed submarine basalt flows.</p><br>
<p>Pegmatite dikes cross-cut the Littleton Formation and can be seen from the Gorge Brook Trail as it nears treeline. These pegmatites are likely related to the geology to the east of the mountain which is dominated by the Kinsman quartz monzonite. This Acadian-aged igneous rock can be seen at the Kinsman Notch / Beaver Brook pond area.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Moosilauke is treeless and offers panoramic views of the Kinsmans to the north, the Presidential Range and Franconia Ridge to the northeast, the heart of the White Mountains to the east, Lake Winnipesaukee and neighboring lakes to the southeast, and the Green Mountains and Adirondacks to the west, along with great views closer in to numerous glacially-carved ravines on Moosilauke&#39;s shoulders. The first winter high country weather observatory was set up at the top of Mt. Moosilauke in the winter of 1869-1870.</p><br>
<p>Moosilauke has numerous subsidiary peaks, including Mount Blue, elevation 4,529 ft, to the north of the summit, and the South Peak, elevation 4,523 ft, between the Carriage Road and Glencliff Trail, about one mile southwest of the main peak. The South Peak, reached by a 0.2 mi spur trail, is particularly noted for its fine views of the main summit ridge, into the deep Tunnel Brook Ravine to neighboring Mt. Clough and westward into the Connecticut River valley and Vermont beyond.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>The most commonly climbed route to the summit is the Gorge Brook Trail from Ravine Lodge. One can make a loop by returning via the Carriage Road and Snapper Trail. Other trails to the summit include the Glencliff Trail from the southwest, the Benton Trail from the north, the Beaver Brook Trail ascending very steeply past numerous waterfalls from Kinsman Notch to the northeast, the Carriage Road from the south and the Asquam Ridge Trail from the southeast. The Appalachian Trail, from south to north, utilizes the Glencliff, Carriage Road, Benton and Beaver Brook trails.</p><br>
<h2>Moosilauke Ravine Lodge</h2><br>
<p>The Moosilauke Ravine Lodge, which offers food and accommodations to hikers, is situated in the valley on the southeast side of the mountain. The lodge is owned by Dartmouth College and is run by members of the Dartmouth Outing Club. Dartmouth College owns much of the southern and eastern portions of the mountain and has long had a close association with it, with the Outing Club maintaining its trails and the Appalachian Trail from Kinsman Notch southward to Hanover. Due to this long association, Moosilauke is often called "Dartmouth&#39;s Mountain".</p><br>
<p>The Bellamy River, in Strafford County, southeastern New Hampshire, is a tributary of the Piscataqua River about 15 mi long. It rises in Swains Lake in Barrington, 9 mi west of Dover. It flows east through the Bellamy Reservoir in Madbury and through Dover, then southeast as a tidal river to Little Bay, the channel connecting Great Bay with the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The river at one time provided water for swimming behind a dam at Bellamy Park in Dover. This park was a favorite spot for local neighborhood children and young adults, but fell into disrepair in the late 1960s. The Dover High School class of 1976 held a school-approved burning of the remains of the dam as a class activity.</p><br>
<p>A short distance down the river from the park is the location of a former mill building, abandoned in the mid-20th century. The river helped power machinery in the mill.</p><br>
<p>Further along is the final dam, at the site of the former Sawyer Woolen Mills, a large manufacturer in Dover during the late 19th century and early 20th century. The river supplied the power to this large factory.</p><br>
<p>Beyond this dam the Bellamy River assumes its tidal nature, reverting to a small trickle at low tide.</p><br>
<p>Buzzards Bay is a bay of the Atlantic Ocean adjacent to the USA state of Massachusetts. It is approximately 28 miles  long by 8 miles  wide. It is a popular destination for fishing, boating, and tourism. Since 1914, Buzzards Bay has been connected to Cape Cod Bay by the Cape Cod Canal. In 1988, under the Clean Water Act, the Environmental Protection Agency and the State of Massachusetts designated Buzzards Bay to the National Estuary Program, as "an estuary of national significance" that is threatened by pollution, land development, or overuse.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is surrounded by the Elizabeth Islands on the south, by Cape Cod on the east, and the southern coasts of Bristol and Plymouth counties in Massachusetts to the northwest. To the southwest, the bay is connected to Rhode Island Sound. The city of New Bedford, Massachusetts is a historically significant port on Buzzards Bay; it was the world&#39;s most successful whaling port during the early- and mid-19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Buzzards Bay was created during the latter portion of the Pleistocene epoch through the interplay of glacial and oceanic processes. Beginning fifty thousand to seventy thousand years ago, the edges of the continental ice sheet covering much of North America began to fluctuate, leaving moraines to mark the former extent of the receded ice. One such moraine forms Cape Cod, which is most of the eastern shoreline of Buzzards Bay.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the moraines, the melting ice sheet produced extensive outwash plains composed of mixed sediments and ice that bordered the bay to the northwest and west. Melting ice blocks in the outwash deposits formed distinctive circular features called kettle lakes. Numerous examples of kettle lakes can be found to the northwest of the Cape Cod Canal. Finally, waters released from the melting ice sheet raised sea level by sixty to one-hundred-twenty meters (198–396 feet) and drowned preexisting outwash channels. Toward the end of the last ice age, fifteen thousand years ago until about six thousand years ago, Buzzards Bay was still dry land. (See.) During the past six thousand years, sea level has risen an average of one foot per century, and until about four thousand years ago, the landward boundary of Buzzards Bay extended only to about the current thirty-foot bathymetic contour, forming a coastline two-thirds of the way up the current bay, between West Falmouth and Mattapoisett.</p><br>
<p>The bay&#39;s current configuration, a well-mixed central bay and fringing shallow drowned-river valleys, with their shallow depth, tidal action, and surface waves, promotes mixing of the estuarine waters to create a productive aquatic ecosystem. Like many estuaries, however, increasing development and land-use changes by the surrounding communities are accompanied by nutrient runoff leading to eutrophication (an increase in nutrient levels leading to oxygen depletion) in the smaller embayments. Decreases in eelgrass, scallops, and herring have also been noted, but direct cause-and-effect relationships are not clear. Coordinated management efforts in Buzzards Bay have helped to decrease shellfish closures, conserve habitat for sea birds, and preserve open space.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name was given to this bay by colonists who saw a large bird that they called a buzzard near its shores. The bird was actually an osprey, and, after a downturn caused by DDT, today increasing numbers of osprey breed along the shores of the bay thanks to restoration efforts led by the Buzzards Bay Coalition and longtime Westport residents Gil and Josephine Fernandez.</p><br>
<p>The first naval engagement of the American Revolution, the Battle off Fairhaven, occurred in Buzzards Bay when patriots retrieved two vessels that were captured by the British sloop of war Falcon. On 14 May 1775, American Captain Daniel Egery and Capt. Nathaniel Pope of Fairhaven in the sloop Success (40 tons, 30 men) retrieved two vessels captured by the British crew of Captain John Linzee (Lindsey), Royal Navy commander of HMS Falcon (14 guns, 110 men). Crew member Noah Stoddard and the others took the first naval prisoners of the war, 13 British crew; two were wounded and one died.</p><br>
<p>The bay was the location of one of only three documented fatal shark attacks in the state&#39;s history in 1936.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, researchers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution experimented with a new growth structure allowing Blue mussels to grow above the Benthic Turbidity Zone leading to a new commercial scale mariculture technique.</p><br>
<p>In 1991, towns located on Buzzards Bay suffered the worst effects from the storm surge of Hurricane Bob.</p><br>
<p>The Buzzards Bay disaster happened on April 27, 2003. An oil spill destroyed much of the shellfish business and killed many birds. 98,000 gallons of oil leaked from a barge.</p><br>
<p>Ra Ra Riots John Pikes body was found in Buzzard&#39;s Bay. He had disappeared from a party in Fairhaven, Massachusetts in June 2007, and was found several weeks later in the bay.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>Amrita Island</p><br>
<p>Bassetts Island</p><br>
<p>Bird Island</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Islands</p><br>
<p>Bachelor Island</p><br>
<p>Baret Island</p><br>
<p>Cuttyhunk Island</p><br>
<p>Nashawena Island</p><br>
<p>Naushon Island</p><br>
<p>Nonamesset Island</p><br>
<p>Pasque Island</p><br>
<p>Penikese Island</p><br>
<p>Uncatena Island</p><br>
<p>Veckatimest Island</p><br>
<p>Weepecket Islands</p><br>
<p>Gull Island</p><br>
<p>Monohansett Island</p><br>
<p>Onset Island</p><br>
<p>West Island</p><br>
<p>Wickets Island</p><br>
<p>The Isinglass River is a 15 mi river in Strafford County in southeastern New Hampshire, United States. It rises at Bow Lake in the town of Strafford, but is also fed through its tributaries by Ayer&#39;s, Nippo, Round and Long ponds in Barrington. The Isinglass flows east to meet the Cochecho River below Rochester. The river is part of the Piscataqua River watershed.</p><br>
<p>In History of the Town of Rochester, N.H., published 1892, author Franklin McDuffee remarks that the Isinglass River is "probably named from the mica in its bed or along its banks." Isinglass is a synonym for mica, an abundance of which makes rock at the Isinglass River sparkle.</p><br>
<h2>Isinglass River Management Plan</h2><br>
<p>The Isinglass River Management Plan is a state supported plan implemented to protect the Isinglass River, the river corridor, and the greater Isinglass watershed. The Isinglass River is one of 15 rivers in the state of New Hampshire that are recognized for having outstanding natural and cultural resources. The state appointed a group called the Isinglass River Local Advisory Committee (IRLAC) to carry out the plan to ensure this status. Their goal is to protect the natural, recreational, cultural, and historical resources. They are protecting resource values of the river by trying to maintain a natural state of the river by working to limit development along the river and its tributaries and also to prevent the loss of forested land within the watershed. They also work to make sure no new dams are constructed, no channel alterations will be made that will be damaging, and also to maintain good water quality. Places on board with carrying out this management plan include the towns of Barrington and Strafford and the city of Rochester.</p><br>
<h3>Getting started</h3><br>
<p>In 2000 a group of Barrington Middle School students, nicknamed "Kids of the River," and two of their parents created a group called the Isinglass River Protection Project (IRPP). They educated themselves about the river and made it their goal to promote the protection and conservation of the river. They testified before the New Hampshire House of Representatives in favor of nominating the Isinglass River for designation under the NH Rivers Management and Protection Plan (RMPP). The nomination was accepted and in 2002 the river became designated under the plan. Once the river was designated, the Isinglass River Local Advisory Committee (IRLAC) was formed and several members of the IRPP were appointed to it.</p><br>
<h3>Moving forward</h3><br>
<p>After receiving a grant from the NH Coastal Program, "Isinglass River Management Plan: Building Public Awareness and Support," in the spring of 2004, the IRLAC set out to inform people of the designation of the river by the state and also to show people the necessity in protecting the natural resources of the river. The goal was to get the rest of the community to join the movement for conservation. They began to also check building plans and road construction plans to make sure the river would not be negatively affected. They began doing water tests at several different locations, and the quality has shown to be improving over the years.</p><br>
<h3>Success</h3><br>
<p>In 2008, a proposal by the town of Strafford and a couple of other groups was ranked number 1 in the nation out of 44 potential projects that were eligible for federal Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP) funding. The project will prevent a 58-unit housing development that would take up 7,800 ft of river frontage along the Isinglass. The river is also being utilized for more activities such as hiking, fishing, and kayaking. Waste Management of NH, which has an operating facility in Rochester, also has worked to create hiking trails and encourage conservation of the area. One of the Waste Management trails leads to Locke&#39;s Falls, one of the most attractive views along the river. There are many public fishing areas to utilize, and the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department stocks the river annually with about 5,000 Brook and Rainbow Trout. Monitoring of water quality at different spots along the river has shown that since the implementation of the plan, the dissolved oxygen levels (D.O), pH levels, turbidity, specific conductance, and E.coli levels, have all risen to meet the standards of a class B river. The efforts at both the state and local levels have proven to be effective in helping preserve one of the few natural rivers left in New Hampshire. Today the local committees are working to make sure that the river is protected and that as little development as possible is done along the river.</p><br>
<p>Machaerus ; ِقلعة مكاور Qal&#39;atu Mkawer) is a fortified hilltop palace located in Jordan 25 km southeast of the mouth of the Jordan river on the eastern side of the Dead Sea. According to Flavius Josephus, it is the location of the imprisonment and execution of John the Baptist. According to the chronology of the Bible , this infamous execution took place in 32 AD shortly before the Passover, following an imprisonment of two years. The site also provides the setting for four additional New Testament characters: Herod the Great; his son, Tetrach Herod Antipas; his second wife, Princess Herodias, and her daughter, Princess Salome.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fortress Machaerus was originally built by the Hasmonean king, Alexander Jannaeus (104 BC-78 BC) in about the year 90 BC, serving an important strategic position. Its high, rocky vantage point was difficult to access, and invasions from the east could be easily spotted from there. It was also in line of sight of other Hasmonean (and later Herodian) citadels, so other fortresses could be signaled if trouble appeared on the horizon. Nevertheless, it was destroyed by Pompey&#39;s general Gabinius in 57 BC, but later rebuilt by Herod the Great in 30 BC to be used as a military base to safeguard his territories east of the Jordan.</p><br>
<p>Upon the death of Herod the Great, the fortress was passed to his son, Herod Antipas, who ruled from 4 BC until 39 AD. It was during this time, at the beginning of the first century AD, that John the Baptist was imprisoned and beheaded at Machaerus.</p><br>
<p>After the deposition and banishment of Herod Antipas in 39 AD, Machaerus passed to Herod Agrippa I until his death in 44 AD, after which it came under Roman control. Jewish rebels took control after 66 AD during the First Jewish Revolt. Shortly after defeating the Jewish garrison of Herodium, the Roman legate Lucilius Bassus advanced on Machaerus with his troops and began siege in 72 AD. An embankment and ramp were created in order to facilitate Roman siege engines but the Jewish rebels capitulated before the Roman attack had begun. The rebels were allowed to leave and the fortress was torn down, leaving only the foundations intact.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Josephus gives a full description of Machaerus in The Wars of the Jews 7.6.1 ff. The hilltop, which stands about 1,100 meters above Dead Sea level, is surrounded on all sides by deep ravines which provide great natural strength. The valley on the west extends 60 stadia to the Dead Sea (Josephus refers to it as Lake Asphaltitis). The valley on the east descends to a depth of a hundred cubits (150 ft).</p><br>
<p>Herod the Great regarded the place as deserving the strongest fortification, particularly because of its proximity to Arabia. On top of the mountain, surrounding the crest, he built a fortress wall, 100 meters long and 60 meters wide with three corner towers, each sixty cubits (90 ft) high. The palace was built in the center of the fortified area. Numerous cisterns were provided to collect rain water.</p><br>
<p>The royal courtyard is considered one of the closest and best existing archaeological parallels to the Herodian Gabbatha in the Jerusalem Praetorium, where Pontius Pilate judged Jesus of Nazareth.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>The village on the plateau to the east of the mountain is known as Muqāwir (مكاور). The site was visited in 1807 by the Frisian explorer Ulrich Jasper Seetzen, and the name of the village reminded him of the name of Machaerus in Greek. The archaeological excavation of Machaerus was begun in 1968 by Jerry Vardaman, then of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, and later director of the Cobb Institute of Archeology at Mississippi State University. In 1973, the German scholar, August Strobel, identified and studied the wall by which the Romans encircled the defenders within the fortress. In 1978-1981, excavations were carried out by Virgilio Corbo, Stanislao Loffreda and Michele Piccirillo, from the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum in Jerusalem. The ruins remain in remarkably untouched condition to this day.</p><br>
<p>Within the fortified area are the ruins of the Herodian palace, including rooms, a large courtyard, and an elaborate bath, with fragments of the floor mosaic still remaining. Farther down the eastern slope of the hill are other walls and towers, perhaps representing the "lower town," of which Josephus also wrote. Traceable also, coming from the east, is the aqueduct that brought water to the cisterns of the fortress. Pottery found in the area extends from late Hellenistic to Roman periods and confirms the two main periods of occupation, namely, Hasmonean (90 BC-57 BC) and Herodian (30 BC-AD 72), with a brief reoccupation soon after AD 72 and then nothing further&mdash;so complete and systematic was the destruction visited upon the site by the Romans.</p><br>
<h2>Anastylosis</h2><br>
<p>In the Spring of 2014, archeologist Győző Vörös, with a team from the Hungarian Academy of Arts and in cooperation with Prince El Hassan bin Talal and Monther Jamhawi, director general of antiquities in Jordan, completed a reconstruction and re-erection of two ancient columns at the site on the basis of the principle of anastylosis. One Doric column from the royal courtyard and one Ionic column from the royal bathhouse were cleaned and conserved in situ and joined together with stainless steel empolia (plugs) which were inserted into the original empolia holes in the center of the column. The team also created a digital reconstruction of what the palace would have looked like, based on their archaeological findings.</p><br>
<p>Dereivka  is an archaeological site located in the village of the same name in Kirovohrad Oblast, Ukraine, on the right bank of the Dneiper. The site dates to ca. 4500&mdash;3500 BC and is associated with the Sredny Stog culture.</p><br>
<p>This site is known primarily as a probable site of early horse domestication due to a high percentage of horse bones found at the site. A horse burial with bit wear and cheek pieces was long considered evidence for horseback-riding at an early date, but in 1997 radiocarbon dates showed that the burial was intrusive, the horse having died circa 700-200 BC, thereby re-opening the question of when horseback-riding was invented.</p><br>
<p>Of interest is some apparently equivocal evidence for fenced houses. Two cemeteries are associated, one from the earlier (neolithic) Dnieper-Donets culture and one from the aforementioned Sredny Stog culture, of the Copper Age. The habitation site included three dwellings and six hearths, each containing hundreds of animal bones. Of all the bones, approximately 75% came from horses, possibly exploited by the inhabitants only as food staple.</p><br>
<p>As a part of the Sredny Stog complex, it is considered to be very early Indo-European, and probably, Proto-Indo-European, within the traditional context of the Kurgan hypothesis of Marija Gimbutas, though Sredny Stog is itself pre-kurgan as to burial rite.</p><br>
<p>Zorkul  is a lake in the Pamir Mountains that runs along the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It extends east to west for about 25 km. The Afghan-Tajik border runs along the lake from east to west, turning south towards Concord Peak , about 15 km south of the lake. The lake&#39;s northern half lies in Tajikistan where it is protected as part of the Zorkul Nature Reserve. Out of the lake, towards the west, flows the Pamir River, tracing the Afghan-Tajik border. It is therefore a source of the Amu Darya or Oxus River. The Great Pamir extends to the south of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is on the path of the Silk Road. It was referred to as "Great Dragon Pool" in Chinese historical records.</p><br>
<p>The lake was once in the territory of the mir of Wakhan, but the lake and river were established as the border between Russia and Afghanistan by agreement between the Russians and the British in 1895.</p><br>
<p>Although there is a probable reference to the lake in Marco Polo&#39;s account, the first European known to have visited the lake was the British naval officer John Wood in 1838. Sir-i-kol became known to the British as Lake Victoria, after the British queen, although Wood declined to name it so. It was also known as "Lake Victoria in the Pamirs" to distinguish it from the much larger Lake Victoria in Africa.</p><br>
<p>The Anamala or Anaimalai Hills, also known as the Elephant Hills, are the range of mountains that form the southern portion of the Western Ghats and span the border of Kerala and Tamil Nadu in Southern India. The name animala is derived from the Tamil/Malayalam words ana or anai, meaning elephant, and mala or malai, meaning hill — thus Elephant Hill.</p><br>
<p>Anamudi Peak (8,842 feet ) lies at the extreme southwestern end of the range and is the highest peak in southern India. Palakkad Gap divides the Western Ghats to the north. The lower slopes of the hills now have coffee and tea plantations as well as teak forests of great economic value. Dense monsoon forests including rosewood, sandalwood, teak, and sago palms cover most of the region, which helps the coffee and tea plantations and teak plantations grow.</p><br>
<p>The Western Ghats and Anaimalai Sub-Cluster, including the Anaimalai Hills, are currently under consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee for selection as a World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The hills are located between 10° 13 and 10° 31 N. and 76° 52 and 77° 23 E with a central point of: 10&deg;22&prime;N latitude, 77&deg;07.5&prime;E longitude. They are south of where the Western Ghats are broken by the Palakkad Gap, which in, turn is south of the Nilgiri Hills. They border on Kerala to the Southwest and the Cardamom Hills to the southeast. The Palni Hills lie to the east.</p><br>
<p>Their geological formation is metamorphic gneiss, veined with feldspar and quartz, and interspersed with reddish porphyrite. Twelve major forest types are found in the area. The landscape is fragmented by many coffee and tea plantations on the lower slopes and teak plantations higher up. Monsoon rains are heavy. Annual rainfall varies from 2,000 mm to 5,000 mm in the area. Formed by fault-block movements in the Holocene Epoch (i.e., about the past 11,700 years), the Anaimalai Hills descend to form a series of terraces about 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) high.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Anamala / Anaimalai Hills are known for their abundant wildlife. Eravikulam National Park, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, and Anamalai Tiger Reserve located among these hills are well known for elephants. Numerous wildlife species can be seen including elephants, gaur, water buffaloes, tigers, panthers, sloth bears, pangolins, black-headed orioles, crocodiles, green pigeons, civet cats, dhole, sambar and 31 groups of endangered lion-tailed macaques. Birds seen include the pied hornbill, red whiskered bulbul and drongo.</p><br>
<p>Recently, a new frog species, Beddomixalus bijui, was found within the forest.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>There are several rivers in the area including the Aliayar river, Apambar River, Chinnar River, Kaddambarrai River, Neerar river, Mannambhally, Pambar River and Parambikulam River. There are several large dams are in the area, including: Aliayar Dam, Amaravathi Dam, Kaddambarrai dam, Neerar Dam, Sholayar Dam (one of the biggest of its kind in Asia), Mannambhally Dam, and the Parambikulam Dam.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Anaimalai Hills are a popular trekking destination in the Western Ghats. Due to heavy rains during the wet season, the ideal time for tourism is between the months of November and May. SH-17 passes through the Anaimalai Hills, between Udumalapet and Munnar. The nearest town is Munnar. The nearest international airports are Cochin International Airport and Coimbatore International Airport.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Johnson National Historic Site is a National Historic Site in Greeneville, Tennessee, maintained by the National Park Service. It was established to honor Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States, who became president after Abraham Lincolns death. The site includes two of Johnsons homes, his tailor shop, and his grave site within the Andrew Johnson National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery also includes the interments of Johnson&#39;s wife, Eliza McCardle Johnson, and son Brigadier General Robert Johnson. David T. Patterson, a United States Senator from Tennessee, and his son Andrew J. Patterson, who was instrumental in securing historic designation for the Greeneville properties associated with Andrew Johnson, were among others buried in the cemetery. The site was authorized by Congress as a USA National Monument in 1935, established on April 27, 1942, and redesignated a National Historic Site on December 11, 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today the site totals sixteen acres in area, and has three separate units. These units are the Andrew Johnson Visitor Complex, the Andrew Johnson Homestead, and the Andrew Johnson National Cemetery. Visitors receive a copy of the admission ticket to Johnson&#39;s impeachment hearings; every year on May 26, visitors vote on whether or not Johnson should have been removed from office.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew Johnson Visitor Complex consists of the visitors center, the museum, and Andrew Johnsons tailor shop. The visitor center shows a 13.5 minute film about Johnson and his time in Greeneville. The one-story/one room tailor shop remains much as it was in Andrew Johnson&#39;s day. It is surrounded by a memorial building built by the state of Tennessee in 1923 to prevent wear and tear upon the tailor shop.</p><br>
<p>For kids, they can become Junior Rangers by completing a small activity book.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Johnson&#39;s first Greeneville home is located across the Street from the visitor complex.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew Johnson Homestead is maintained to look as it did when Andrew Johnson and his wife lived in the domicile from 1869 to 1875. Johnson had purchased the home in 1851. During the war years, the house was occupied by soldiers. It required renovations when the family returned to the house after Johnson&#39;s leaving the presidency in 1869. It is a Greek Revival two-story brick house.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew Johnson National Cemetery was established in 1906. Andrew Johnson owned twenty-three acres outside Greeneville on Signal Hill. Upon his death in 1875, Johnson was buried on the property. On June 5, 1878, the city erected a 28 ft-tall marble statue in his honor by Johnsons grave. The monument was considered so dominant that the hills name was changed to "Monument Hill". Johnsons daughter Martha Johnson Patterson, who inherited the property, willed on September 2, 1898 that the land become a park. She further pushed in 1900 to make the site a national cemetery, so that instead of the Johnson familys maintaining it, the federal government would. The United States Congress chose to make the site a National Cemetery in 1906, and by 1908 the United States War Department took control of it. On May 23, 1942 control of the cemetery was shifted to the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Tippecanoe Lake is a large, glacially created lake in Leesburg, Kosciusko County, Indiana and, at 123 feet deep, is the deepest natural lake in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Tippecanoe Lake is about two miles west of the town of North Webster, Indiana, and Webster Lake with the small unincorporated area of Oswego (now located in Leesburg, Indiana) located near its west-northwestern shore.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Tippecanoe Lake is used mostly for recreational purposes such as fishing, boating and skiing, and is surrounded mostly by residential housing. A prominent historical location is on the southwest shore of the lake: Tippy Dance Hall. Once a traditional concert hall which hosted acts such as Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong and the 1960s act The Byrds, Tippy Dance Hall is now a teen dance club with Saturday night dances from Memorial Day until just after Labor day.</p><br>
<h2>Geographic place names</h2><br>
<p>Bel Rohr Park is on Patona Bay on Tippecanoe&#39;s extreme northwest shore. Patona Bay Resort and Patona Bay Marina are found there.</p><br>
<p>Blacks Landing is on Tippecanoes northern shore across from Government Point.</p><br>
<p>Forest Glen is on Tippecanoe&#39;s central western shore and east of Stanton Lake.</p><br>
<p>Government Point is located on Tippecanoes southern shore, just north of Pie-Eyed Peteys Marina and just east of Indian Hills Golf Course.</p><br>
<p>Kalorama Park is opposite Forest Glen on Tippecanoe&#39;s northern shore. This is also the home of Tippecanoe Lake Country Club.</p><br>
<p>Mineral Springs is on Tippecanoe&#39;s southeastern shore.</p><br>
<p>Stony Ridge is on Tippecanoe&#39;s northwestern shore and across Patona Bay from Bel Rohr Park.</p><br>
<p>Walkers Landing is on Tippecanoes northern shore west of Black&#39;s Landing.</p><br>
<h2>Establishments</h2><br>
<h3>Tippecanoe Lake Country Club</h3><br>
<p>Tippecanoe Lake Country Club is a private club and one of the lake&#39;s largest attractions. It is north of Kalorama Park at 7245 N Kalorama Road and accessed from Indiana State Road 13 via Kosciusko County Roads E650N and E800N. TLCC, a private club, was opened on April 15, 1926, with the clubhouse opening on June 11 of that year. The club joined the Chicago District Golf Association in the 1950s. From 1959 through the early 1960s, the club also hosted LPGA tournaments. Professionals such as Kathy Cornelius of Phoenix, Arizona, and Mickey Wright of Port St. Lucie, Florida, played Tippecanoe. Aside from golf, T.L.C.C. also provides tennis, swimming and boating, and holds a fireworks display for the 4 July.</p><br>
<h3>Marinas</h3><br>
<p>Patona Bay Marina and Resort</p><br>
<p>Patona Bay Marina consists of a full-service marina, defined as a new and used boat/PWC dealership as well as a full-service parts and service department. The marina also offers repairs, seasonal services (installing/removing boat lifts) and other services.</p><br>
<p>Patona Bay Resort has existed since the 1920s and has grown into several-hundred unit seasonal resort, which allows patrons to pay a seasonal rent to reside at the Resort during the summer months (April–October). Pier spaces do cost an additional fee, but if one has a boat/PWC the price is relatively affordable. As the real estate prices for individual homes on Lake Tippecanoe have reached nearly $450,000 for a small cottage (roughly 1,200 square feet), Patona Bay Resort is a relatively affordable way for families to enjoy the lake in the summer without the hassle of a year-round mortgage. The resort also includes a gift shop/arcade/snack bar during the summer, a separate swimming beach with several areas for children to play, other amenities such as a pet walk for dogs, family events during the summer holiday weekends, etc.</p><br>
<p>Pie-Eyed Petey&#39;s Restaurant and Bar</p><br>
<p>Pie-Eyed Petey&#39;s Restaurant and Bar, occupying the former site of Plaza Marina, is a full-service restaurant/bar, with a limited marina and fueling services. The marina offers a limited selection of boating accessories, as well as a store with T-shirts, hand painted signs and other lake-oriented accessories.</p><br>
<p>Pie-Eyed Peteys is the only full-service restaurant and bar on the lake. The menu consists of pizzas, subs, tenderloins, chicken fingers, hamburgers, etc. The decor in the bar reflects Lake Tippecanoes heritage; from the early days of pull-start outboard motors hanging on the wall, to water skis dating from the 1960s, to the teak MasterCraft Decks from the 1990s, this eatery has a strong flair for Lake Tippecanoe nostalgia. A newly completed "Tiki" Bar is located outdoors, with flat-screen TVs and a full-service bar to serve outdoor patrons. The outdoor dining area has grown in recent years, and much of it is covered by canopies, with large outdoor heaters if the temperatures require them. Most recently, a red lighthouse has been constructed just onshore.</p><br>
<p>Tippecanoe Boat Co Inc</p><br>
<p>Tippecanoe Boat Co. Inc. is a marina on the northeast side of Lake Tippecanoe. The access point is through a long channel which is clearly marked by a large sign, underneath a footbridge, and into a lagoon. Gas is available at TBC, and there is a full boat dealership as well.</p><br>
<h2>Public access</h2><br>
<p>Public access to Tippecanoe Lake is available via:</p><br>
<p>Grassy Creek, a tributary that connects, by way of a manually operated lock, the east shore of Tippecanoe Lake to Sawmill, Sechrist, Banning, Irish, Little Barbee, Big Barbee and Kuhn lakes upstream. The ramp is on the east shore of the creek along Armstrong Road, just north of the lock.</p><br>
<p>Patona Bay Resort on the northwest shore</p><br>
<p>Tippy Dance Hall on the southwest shore</p><br>
<p>Tippecanoe Boat Company on the northeast shore</p><br>
<p>Pie-Eyed Petey&#39;s Marina and Restaurant on the southeast shore</p><br>
<h2>Drainage</h2><br>
<p>Tippecanoe is drained by the Tippecanoe River which flows generally south to the Wabash River. The river ends near Battle Ground, Indiana, in Tippecanoe county.</p><br>
<p>Two reservoirs, Lake Shafer and Lake Freeman, are fed by the Tippecanoe River. The reservoirs both have dams controlling inflow from the Tippecanoe River.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>A notable resident was Chris Schenkel. Schenkel announced the Triple Crown horse races and the Masters Tournament on CBS. With ABC Sports he was Olympic anchorman, college football, NBA, and PBA bowling announcer.</p><br>
<h2>Lore</h2><br>
<p>A famous myth concerning Lake Tippecanoe is that the "bottom" of the lake is a false bottom made up of silt, under which lies a spring that extends 200 ft300 ft feet below the surface of the lake. Other myths are that somewhere in the lake lies a crashed airplane (either a B-17 Flying Fortress or a small private airplane, depending on who you talk to) and that SCUBA divers went the deepest depths of the lake only to surface when the fish became larger than the divers.</p><br>
<p>The Belarusian Ridge  is a line of terminal moraines in the northwest of Belarus. The feature is part of the East European Plain.</p><br>
<p>This ridge, consisting of low, rolling hills, runs for about 500 km in the direction from west-southwest to east-northeast, from the area of the Brest region, which is close to the border of Poland to the Russian town of Smolensk.</p><br>
<p>The geological constitution of the ridge is mostly moraine loams with added glacial and alluvial sediments.</p><br>
<p>The ridge itself is divided in sections called "uplands." These uplands are created by various river valleys that cut through the entire ridge. The ten uplands are (in sequence of west to east):</p><br>
<p>Hrodna upland</p><br>
<p>Vaukavysk upland</p><br>
<p>Shchara valley</p><br>
<p>Navahradak upland</p><br>
<p>Neman River valley</p><br>
<p>Minsk upland</p><br>
<p>Berezina valley</p><br>
<p>Daugava and Vitsebsk-Nevel uplands</p><br>
<p>Dnieper upland</p><br>
<p>Orsha upland</p><br>
<p>a final group of uplands along the eastern boundary with Russia</p><br>
<p>The highest elevation of the ridge (and the whole Belarus) is Mount Dzyarzhynskaya, 365m.</p><br>
<p>Boknafjord or Boknafjorden  is a fjord located in Rogaland county, Norway. The huge fjord lies between the cities Stavanger and Haugesund, and the main part of the fjord is shared between the municipalities of Kvitsøy, Rennesøy, Finnøy, Tysvær, Bokn, and Karmøy. There are dozens of smaller fjords that branch off the main part of the fjord, reaching most municipalities in the county. At its longest, the Boknafjord reaches about 96 km into the mainland at the innermost point of the Hylsfjorden. Other notable branches include the Saudafjorden, Sandsfjorden, Vindafjorden, Hervikfjorden, Førresfjorden, Erfjorden, Jøsenfjorden, Årdalsfjorden, Idsefjorden, Høgsfjorden, Lysefjorden, and Gandsfjorden.</p><br>
<p>The vast fjord is quite wide, and it has many islands located within its shores, some of which are quite large. Some of the notable islands include Vestre Bokn, Kvitsøy, Rennesøy, Ombo, Finnøy, Mosterøy, and the Sjernarøyane archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Tunnel</h2><br>
<p>There are serious plans to build the Rogfast sub-sea tunnel under the Boknafjord and the Kvitsøyfjord connecting the cities of Stavanger and Haugesund and ultimately becoming part of a ferry-free highway system along the western coast of Norway. It will be about 24 km long and 350 m deep. It will be the longest and deepest underwater road tunnel in the world. The government of Norway hopes to have it in operation before the year 2020. The cost is expected to be.</p><br>
<p>Grintovec is the highest mountain of the Kamnik–Savinja Alps, with an elevation of 2,558 m. It is a popular location for hiking, climbing and skiing. The first recorded ascent was in 1759 by the botanist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli.</p><br>
<p>Grintovec has a prominence of 1,706 m and is therefore an ultra. It is the second most prominent peak in Slovenia after Triglav.</p><br>
<p>It is relatively easy to climb if you start from the lodge in the Kamnik Bistrica Valley, via the Zois Lodge at Kokra Saddle.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>3h: From the Czech Lodge at Spodnje Ravni (Češka koča na Spodnjih Ravneh) via Little Door Pass (Mala vratca), then on the southeastern ridge Long Wall (Dolga stena)</p><br>
<p>3h: From the Zois Lodge at Kokra Saddle (Cojzova koča na Kokrskem sedlu) via the Roof Slope (Streha), the southern top slope of Mount Grintovec.</p><br>
<p>3½h: From the Czech Lodge at Spodnje Ravni via Mlinar Saddle (Mlinarsko sedlo) on eastern ridge</p><br>
<p>3½-4 h: From the Czech Lodge at Spodnje Ravni on the Dolci Notch Pass (Dolška škrbina), then on the Šprem Route</p><br>
<p>The Supreme Court Building is the seat of the Supreme Court of the United States and the Judicial Branch thereof. Completed in 1935, it is situated in Washington, D.C. at 1 First Street, NE, on the block immediately east of the United States Capitol. The building is under the jurisdiction of the Architect of the Capitol. On May 4, 1987, the Supreme Court Building was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the establishment of the Federal City, the United States government resided briefly in New York City. As such, the Supreme Court met there during this time in the Merchants Exchange Building. When the capital moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Court moved with it and began meeting in Independence Hall, before settling in Old City Hall at 5th and Chestnut Streets from 1791 until 1800.</p><br>
<p>After the federal government moved to Washington, D.C., the court had no permanent meeting location until 1810. When the architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe built the second USA Senate chamber directly on top of the first US Senate chamber, the Supreme Court took up residence in what is now referred to as the Old Supreme Court Chamber from 1810 through 1860. It remained in the Capitol until 1935, with the exception of a period from 1812 to 1819, during which the Court was absent from Washington because of the British invasion and the destruction of the Capitol during the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>In 1810, the Supreme Court first occupied the Old Supreme Court Chamber in the Capitol. As the Senate expanded, it progressively outgrew its quarters. In 1860, after the new wings of the Capitol for the Senate and the House of Representatives had been completed, the Supreme Court moved to the Old Senate Chamber (as it is now known) where it remained until its move to the current Supreme Court building.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, Chief Justice William Howard Taft argued successfully for the Court to have its own headquarters to distance itself from Congress as an independent branch of government, but he did not live to see it built. The court was finally designed by Cass Gilbert, who created many other structures in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Temple of Justice</h2><br>
<p>The Supreme Court Building is located at 1 First Street, NE (former site of the Old Brick Capitol, across the street from the United States Capitol) and was designed by architect Cass Gilbert (as Gilberts last major project; he died before it was completed). It rises four stories (92 ft) above ground. The cornerstone was laid on October 13, 1932, and construction completed in 1935, having cost $94,000 under the $9,740,000 budget authorized by Congress.($ in dollars) "The building was designed on a scale in keeping with the importance and dignity of the Court and the Judiciary as a coequal, independent branch of the United States Government, and as a symbol of the national ideal of justice in the highest sphere of activity."</p><br>
<p>The Supreme Court Building is built in the Neoclassical style. The public façade is made of marble quarried from Vermont, and that of the non-public-facing courtyards, Georgia marble. Most of the interior spaces are lined with Alabama marble, except for the Courtroom itself, which is lined with Spanish ivory vein marble. For the Courtroom&#39;s 24 columns, "Gilbert felt that only the ivory buff and golden marble from the Montarrenti quarries near Siena, Italy" would suffice. To this end, in May 1933, he petitioned the Italian Premier, Benito Mussolini, "to ask his assistance in guaranteeing that the Siena quarries sent nothing inferior to the official sample marble."</p><br>
<p>Not all the justices were thrilled by the new arrangements, the courtroom in particular. Harlan Fiske Stone complained it was "almost bombastically pretentious...Wholly inappropriate for a quiet group of old boys such as the Supreme Court." Another justice observed that he felt the court would be "nine black beetles in the Temple of Karnak," while still another complained that such pomp and ceremony suggested the justices ought to enter the courtroom riding on elephants. The New Yorker columnist Howard Brubaker noted at the time of its opening that it had "fine big windows to throw the New Deal out of."</p><br>
<p>The west façade of the building (essentially, the "front" of the court, being the side which faces the Capitol) bears the motto "Equal Justice Under Law," while the east façade bears the motto "Justice, the Guardian of Liberty." On November 28, 2005, a basketball-sized chunk of marble weighing approximately 172 lb fell four stories from the west façade onto the steps of the Court; it had previously been part of the parapet above the word "under" in the "equal justice under law" engraving immediately above the figure of a Roman centurion carrying fasces. After the incident, planning was initiated to repair the west façade which includes cleaning, removal of debris and restoration. In 2012 scaffolding encased the west façade printed with a full-size photograph of the façade. The project was completed in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Supreme Court Building&#39;s facilities include:</p><br>
<p>In the basement: maintenance facilities, garage, on-site mailroom.</p><br>
<p>On the first (or ground) floor: Public information office, the clerk&#39;s office, the publications unit, exhibit halls, cafeteria, gift shop and administrative offices.</p><br>
<p>On the second floor: the Great Hall, the courtroom, the conference room, and all of the justices&#39; chambers except Justice Sotomayor (she swapped with Justice Ginsburg for a roomier office on the third floor).</p><br>
<p>On the third floor: The office of Justice Sotomayor, the office of the Reporter of Decisions, the legal office, and the offices of the law clerks. Also, the justices&#39; dining and reading rooms are on this floor.</p><br>
<p>On the fourth floor: The court library</p><br>
<p>On the fifth floor: The Supreme Court gym, including a basketball court (named the "Highest Court in the Land")</p><br>
<p>In addition, the Supreme Court Building maintains its own police force, the Supreme Court Police. Separate from the Capitol Police, the force was created in 1935 to look after the building and its personnel.</p><br>
<h2>Sculptural program</h2><br>
<p>Cass Gilbert&#39;s design for the building and its environs included an ambitious Beaux-Arts-styled sculptural program that included a large number and variety of both real and allegorical figures.</p><br>
<p>Supreme Court flagpole bases, and bronze doors in the east and west façades by John Donnelly.</p><br>
<p>East pediment: Justice, the Guardian of Liberty by Hermon Atkins MacNeil</p><br>
<p>West pediment: Equal Justice Under the Law by Robert Ingersoll Aitken. This work includes a portrait of Cass Gilbert, third from the left in the pediment. It also contains a self-portrait of Robert Ingersoll Aitken third from the right.</p><br>
<p>Seated figures: The Authority of Law (south side) and The Contemplation of Justice (north side) by James Earle Fraser</p><br>
<p>Great Hall: Busts of each of the Chief Justices of the United States in alcoves on either side of the Hall. These marble works are periodically appropriated by the Congress. The most recent addition was Chief Justice Rehnquist&#39;s bust in December 2009 to the far end of the north side of the Hall, just to the left of the Courtroom doors.</p><br>
<p>Courtroom friezes: The South Wall Frieze includes figures of lawgivers from the ancient world and includes Menes, Hammurabi, Moses, Solomon, Lycurgus, Solon, Draco, Confucius, and Augustus. The North Wall Frieze shows lawgivers from the Middle Ages on and includes representations of Justinian, Muhammad, Charlemagne, John, King of England, Louis IX of France, Hugo Grotius, Sir William Blackstone, John Marshall, and Napoleon. The Moses frieze depicts him holding the Ten Commandments, although only commandments six through ten, usually considered the more secular commands, are visible. In 1997, the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) asked for the image of Muhammad to be removed from the marble frieze of the façade. While appreciating that Muhammad was included in the court&#39;s pantheon of 18 prominent lawgivers of history, CAIR noted that Islam discourages depictions of Muhammad in any artistic representation. CAIR also objected that Muhammad was shown with a sword, which they claimed reinforced stereotypes of Muslims as intolerant conquerors. Chief Justice William Rehnquist rejected the request to sandblast Muhammad, saying the artwork "was intended only to recognize him, among many other lawgivers, as an important figure in the history of law; it is not intended as a form of idol worship". The court later added a footnote to tourist materials, calling it "a well-intentioned attempt by the sculptor to honor Muhammad".</p><br>
<h2>Public access to the building</h2><br>
<p>On May 3, 2010, citing security concerns and as part of the building&#39;s modernization project, the Supreme Court announced that the public (including parties to the cases being argued, the attorneys who represent them, and visitors to Oral arguments or the building) would no longer be allowed to enter the building through the main door on top of the steps on the west side. Visitors must now enter through ground-level doors located at the plaza, leading to a reinforced area for security screening. The main doors at the top of the steps may still be used to exit the building. Calling the decision "dispiriting", he said he was not aware of any Supreme Court in the world that had closed its main entrance to the public.</p><br>
<p>All visitors to the Court must pass through metal-detectors and have their belongings X-rayed. Cameras are permitted in the building, but no recording devices of any kind, audio, or visual, are ever permitted in the Courtroom. When the Court is not in session, visitors can walk through the Great Hall and public areas on the ground floor, including the cafeteria and a small movie theater presenting a documentary of the Court, and guided lectures are periodically given in the Courtroom, which is not otherwise accessible. The schedule for the lectures can be confirmed on the Court&#39;s website the day before a visit. The line for these tours forms in a designated area to the side of the Courtroom doors.</p><br>
<p>When the Court is in session, the Great Hall is not open to the public, except for those attending Court. The arguments are typically held in two-week cycles of a 10 A.M. and 11 A.M. argument on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays. Depending on the significance of the case and the time of year (winter arguments are less popular), visitors should arrive at the Court anywhere from two hours in advance to, in extremely controversial cases, the night before. At some point in the morning, which is not predetermined, the Supreme Court Police Officers distribute numbered tickets. These serve as place-holders only and not a guarantee of admission. Visitors who have tickets may leave the area and return at the appointed time to line up in numerical order, usually one hour before the argument. At this time, there usually are several hundred persons waiting outside the Court, most of whom are not able to observe either argument. While the Courtroom does have seating for some 250 public visitors, in practice there are almost always large groups of students or officials that reduce that number, and visitors who are admitted to observe the first argument generally stay for the second argument, making the total seats available for the second argument generally very small. Just before the first argument, the officers divide the crowd into two lines: one is for those waiting with tickets to observe the entire argument, while the other is to observe a five-minute span of the argument while standing in the back of the Courtroom. Both lines remain in place during the first argument. Visitors must stand when the Justices enter and leave, and remain absolutely silent. Drowsy, noisy, or otherwise disruptive visitors are promptly removed by plainclothes officers.</p><br>
<p>Since recording devices have been banned inside the courtroom, the fastest way for decisions of landmark cases to reach the press is through the Running of the Interns.</p><br>
<p>On Sunday, January 13, 2002, a wild fox wandered into the building. Although spotted by a police officer and observed on video cameras, the fox eluded capture for more than a day.</p><br>
<p>Chesil Cove is a cove situated at the most southerly part of the 29 km long Chesil Beach in Dorset, England. Chesil Beach itself is one of three major shingle structures in Britain, extending from West Bay to the Isle of Portland, the latter acting as a large groyne holding the beach in place. It also provides shelter from the prevailing winds and waves for the town of Weymouth and the village of Chiswell.</p><br>
<h2>Flooding defences</h2><br>
<p>The adjoining village of Chiswell was established predominately as a fishing community. Despite its vulnerability to sea storms and flooding, Chiswell continued to develop into a thriving community. One of the best-documented incidents of flooding occurred in the Great Storm of 1824. The storm saw the death of thirty residents, the destruction of eighty houses, and the damage of many others. The construction of a sea wall finally commenced in 1958, and work on this scheme continued until 1965. The wall extended from the far end of Chesil Cove, at West Weares, to the location of the village&#39;s Cove House Inn. A promenade was laid-out on top of the wall, and this became a popular attraction.</p><br>
<p>Despite the sea wall proving a worthy defence, incidents of widespread flooding contine. During December 1978 and February 1979, two major storms caused further devastation to Chiswell. Accordingly further defence were installated during the 1980s. During January–February 2014, violent storms across the south-west of England caused more flooding in the village.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Jurassic Coast stretches over a distance of 155 km, from Orcombe Point near Exmouth, in the west, to Old Harry Rocks on the Isle of Purbeck, in the east. The coastal exposures along the coastline provide a continuous sequence of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous rock formations spanning approximately 185 million years of the Earth&#39;s history. The localities along the Jurassic Coast includes a large range of important fossil zones.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<h3>Diving</h3><br>
<p>Chesil Cove is a popular site for scuba divers. It has become one of the best known shore dives in the UK. The cove is a reasonably shallow shore dive, and has an interesting selection of south coast marine life, as well as an abundance of flora and fauna. Although there have been many shipwrecks in the cove, few significant divable remains exist close to the beach due to its exposure to strong waves.</p><br>
<h3>Fishing</h3><br>
<p>Through fishing, the beach provided the main occupation for the villagers of Chiswell and the rest of the islanders. The beach is still used by sea anglers and the British record for shore-captured shore rockling was set there in 1992. Recreational fishing is a popular pastime at the cove.</p><br>
<h2>Shipwrecks</h2><br>
<p>Chesil Beach, and the cove, have seen many cases of shipwrecks, more so than most other parts of the British coast, particularly during the age of sail. Chesil Beach became infamously known as "Deadman&#39;s Bay", taken after the name Thomas Hardy gave West Bay, including Chesil Cove, in his novel The Well Beloved of 1892.</p><br>
<p>The local fishermen, particularly at Portland, developed a purpose-built vessel to withstand the sea actions at Chesil Beach. The boat, known as a Lerret, is a double-ended open fishing boat, used for seine net fishing. The 18th-century public house The Cove House Inn remains one of Portland&#39;s most popular pubs and is Grade II Listed. Despite its particularly vulnerable position on the beach, the pub was a survivor of the Great Storm of 1824.</p><br>
<h3>Shipwreck list</h3><br>
<p>Some of the ships wrecked at Chesil Cove include:</p><br>
<p>John - 1669 - English cargo vessel, crew and cargo saved</p><br>
<p>Angel Guardian - 1681 - cargo vessel, 6,000 oranges recovered</p><br>
<p>Peter - 1685 - French cargo vessel, four hogsheads of French wine saved</p><br>
<p>De Hoop - 1749 - Dutch West Indiaman, all crew saved</p><br>
<p>Johanna Theresa - 22 January 1753 - Dutch craft, the captain and five men drowned</p><br>
<p>Biscaye - 1754 - Spanish cargo vessel</p><br>
<p>Fanny - 1760 - British brigantine involved in slave trade</p><br>
<p>Zenobie - 12 January 1762 - French privateer</p><br>
<p>Le Pelerin - 10 August 1784 - French craft</p><br>
<p>Nancy - 13 August 1793 - British brig, crew and part cargo saved</p><br>
<p>Peggy - 3 June 1796 - American cargo vessel, four of eleven crew saved</p><br>
<p>Rodney - 26 September 1799 - English brigantine vessel, all crew saved</p><br>
<p>Hayward - 26 September 1799 - English brigantine vessel, all crew saved</p><br>
<p>Concord - 26 September 1799 - English brigantine vessel, all crew saved</p><br>
<p>Smith - 26 September 1799 - English brigantine vessel, all crew saved</p><br>
<p>Endeavour - 1800 - British craft, all crew saved</p><br>
<p>Nancy - 24 March 1801 - British craft</p><br>
<p>Le Mercuria - 4 March 1818 - 500-ton French vessel, 20-30 drowned</p><br>
<p>Pollux - 20 October 1820 - brig, one crew lost</p><br>
<p>Iris - 7 November 1823 - Swedish brig, the master and three of six crew men saved</p><br>
<p>Wasster Norland - 26 November 1824 - Swedish sailing vessel, six of ten crew men saved</p><br>
<p>Leonora - 3 December 1824 - Dutch Galliot, all crew and cargo lost</p><br>
<p>Haabets Anker - 11 December 1828 - Norwegian brig, all crew saved</p><br>
<p>Atlas - 9 December 1831 - American brig, nine of eleven crew saved</p><br>
<p>Amyntas - 15 December 1841 - English brig, master and three crew drowned</p><br>
<p>Maria Johanna - April 1852 - Dutch galliot, four of crew of seven lost</p><br>
<p>Amalie - 1 February 1869 - German brig</p><br>
<p>Edwin & Sarah - 5 January 1882 - ketch</p><br>
<p>Sapphire - 9 August 1883 - English schooner, all crew of six saved by coastguard rocket apparatus</p><br>
<p>Christiana - 4 September 1883 - Norwegian barque, eight of crew of ten saved</p><br>
<p>Fannie C - 1 October 1890 - schooner, beached whilst on fire, 10 saved</p><br>
<p>Ora et Labora - 13 October 1891 - Norwegian brig</p><br>
<p>Ran - 1894 - Norwegian barque, six of crew of fourteen saved</p><br>
<p>Emma Maria - 25 October 1903 - Russian schooner</p><br>
<p>Patria - 26 October 1903 - Norwegian barque</p><br>
<p>Dorothea - 14 February 1914 - Dutch cargo steamship</p><br>
<p>Preveza - 15 January 1920 - Greek vessel</p><br>
<p>Ellida - 1920 - salvage tug</p><br>
<p>Madeleine Tristan - 20 September 1930 - French schooner, all crew saved</p><br>
<p>Weymouth Bay is a sheltered bay on the south coast of England, in Dorset. It is protected from erosion by Chesil Beach and the Isle of Portland, and includes several beaches, notably Weymouth Beach, a gently curving arc of golden sand which stretches from the resort of Weymouth. Weymouth Bay is situated approximately halfway along the UNESCO Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site, a 153 km long stretch of coast, important for its varied geology and many unique landforms.</p><br>
<h2>Boundary</h2><br>
<p>When Natural England looked at access to Weymouth Bay prior to the 2012 Olympic Games, they defined it as the stretch between Rufus Castle on the Isle of Portland and Lulworth Cove, an area which covers Portland Harbour, Weymouth Beach and Ringstead Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Sailing</h2><br>
<p>The bays waters are excellent for sailing — the best sailing waters in northern Europe, in part because the bay is sheltered from south-west winds. This means that Portland Bill can be accessed easily from anywhere on Weymouth Bay by sailing when the tide is turning as an eddy flows along Portlands eastern side.</p><br>
<p>The bay is home to the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy and hosted the sailing events for the 2012 Olympic Games. Since the games, the Academy&#39;s venue has continued to improve to ensure a "legacy" for the Olympic Games.</p><br>
<h2>Painting</h2><br>
<p>Weymouth Bay: Bowleaze Cove and Jordon Hill was painted by the leading English landscape artist John Constable in 1816–17. Constable had honeymooned on the south coast in October 1816, inspiring the painting. The painting now hangs in the National Gallery, London.</p><br>
<p>Weymouth Beach is a gently curving arc of sand in Weymouth Bay, beside the town of Weymouth in Dorset, England. Immediately adjacent to the beach is The Esplanade.</p><br>
<p>The beach is a popular destination for sea bathing, and was frequented by King George III during times of illness. The king named Weymouth his first resort and made bathing fashionable there. George III was advised to take the waters after his first bout of porthyria.</p><br>
<p>The sand on Weymouth beach was voted the best for making sandcastle and you can visit Sandworld, which features fantastic sculptures made from sand.</p><br>
<p>Weymouth Beach is very wide and gently sloping, with golden sand and shallow waters normally with small waves. In addition to bathing, the expansive beach is used for beach motocross and volleyball.</p><br>
<p>The beach has the traditional attractions of an English seaside resort, including (during the summer season) donkey rides, Punch and Judy, sand sculptures, trampolines and a small funfair for children.</p><br>
<p>At the southern end is Weymouth Pier, including the Pavilion Theatre and Weymouth Sea Life Tower. At the northeastern end is the suburb of Greenhill, with Furzy Cliff and Bowleaze Cove beyond that.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 new structures connecting the promenade and beach in the shape of Upturned Boats have been developed by local business, and have proved a great success</p><br>
<p>Sanford Lake is a man-made reservoir located in Midland County, Michigan. It was formed by the damming of the Tittabawassee River near the town of Sanford, Michigan. The dam is owned and operated by Boyce Hydro,LLC. The main body of the lake stretches for about 6 mi north of the dam, but the water remains deep enough for small boat navigation up past the town of Edenville, Michigan ten miles  north of the dam. The lake is slightly over half a mile wide at its widest point. A survey by the Michigan DNR measured the main body of the lake at 1,250 acre. According to the Sanford Lake Improvement Board website maintained by Midland County, the lake has a surface area of 1,499 acre and a shoreline length of 34.5 mi.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and public access</h2><br>
<p>Sanford Lake is not a well-known tourist attraction but is a popular recreation spot for the county and surrounding counties. There are two public accesses to the lake and many private community access points. Weekends in the summer find the lake filled with many pontoon boats, personal watercraft, sport fisherman, and swimmers.</p><br>
<p>Sanford Lake Park is located on the west side of the lake near the dam. This park, maintained by Midland County, has boat ramps, a sandy beach area with volleyball and swimming, pull-up parking for boats and jet-skis, picnic pavilions, playgrounds and a concession stand (sometimes). The beach is typically clean and well-groomed. Swimmers of all ages enjoy the water and sandy bottom beach. Access can be made by car for an entry fee or by boat.</p><br>
<h2>Shoreline</h2><br>
<p>The shoreline is mostly developed with single-family homes. Many of these homes are located in small neighborhood communities (Verity Shores, Francis Shores, et al.) which maintain private boat launch sites, picnic areas and lake access for non-lakefront property owners. The area of the lake further north is lined with some wetlands and wilderness areas mixed with housing. There is one small marina on the east shore of the lake (Sanford Lake Marina) which has dockside gas, bait, tackle and snacks plus fundraising for breast cancer research. Sanford Lake features two restaurants, Sanford Lake Bar and Grill, a full-service restaurant, brewpub and bar that maintains a small dock and is a short walk up the bank on the west shore; and Little Italy, an authentic Italian bistro which offers box lunches for boaters, who may use the Pineview Grocery dock.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>The water quality of the lake is good. As a reservoir with a predominantly muddy bottom, turbidity is a bit higher than the average natural lake in Michigan. The introduction of Zebra mussels in the 1990s has significantly improved water clarity, but this has led to an explosion of weed growth throughout the shallow portions of the lake. Fertilizers from the surrounding homes and agricultural areas have undoubtedly contributed to this growth. Significant weed control programs have been attempted over recent years with varying degrees of success. The lake, in any case, remains enjoyable for sports and swimming.</p><br>
<h2>Sanford Lake Catfish Derby</h2><br>
<p>Third weekend of August. Family fun day fishing on Sanford Lake for Catfish. For mor information visit the Sanford Lake Catfish Derby Website</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Sanford Lake has a wide range of Michigan species: sunfish, bluegill, rock bass, perch, calicos, northern pike, crappie, catfish, walleye, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, musky, suckers catostomidae, and carp. The DNR stocked 65,000 walleye off the Sanford Lake Marina ramp in the spring of 2006. Several Bass competitions take place during the year. The third weekend of August, is the Sanford Lake Catfish Derby. Visit the website for details.</p><br>
<h2>The Fourth of July</h2><br>
<p>The 4th of July on Sanford Lake is, perhaps, the biggest event on the lake each year. It is difficult to be a spectator or participant in the activities if you are not on a boat or at a home on the lakefront but, if you are, it is an enjoyable day and evening. Fireworks, in years past, have been launched from the boat launch and dock area of the Community of Christ campground on the west side of the lake (a private camp that allows public access by car for the fireworks-no alcohol permitted in the campground however). Local tradition during the day allows for boat-to-boat water fights so be prepared for water balloons and sprayers of various configurations. The lakeshore is well lit from dusk until after the main fireworks with the home-variety of fireworks. The lake is full with pontoon boats and other watercraft enjoying the display. The fireworks each year, are sponsored by the.</p><br>
<p>The Kabompo River is one of the main tributaries of the upper Zambezi River. It flows entirely in Zambia, rising to the east of the source of the Zambezi, in North-Western Province along the watershed between the Zambezi and Congo river basins which also forms the border between Zambia and DR Congo.</p><br>
<p>The Kabompo River flows south-west through miombo woodland, then a remote Cryptosepalum dry forest ecoregion, with the West Lunga National Park on its west bank. After flowing past the town of Kabompo, it develops a swampy floodplain up to 5 km wide. The Kabompo Ferry on its lower course carries the main north-south gravel highway on the eastern side of the Zambezi. The river enters the Zambezi north of the town of Lukulu, at the north end of the Barotse Floodplain.</p><br>
<p>Its main tributaries are the Western Lunga River which flows from the north, and the Dongwe River from the east.</p><br>
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<p>Lake Wendouree is an artificially-created and maintained shallow urban lake located adjacent to the suburb of the same name in the city of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The name Wendouree comes from a local aboriginal word wendaaree which means go away: a story is told that when settler William Cross Yuille asked a local indigenous woman what the name of the swamp was, that was her reply.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>Lake Wendouree is one of the smallest of a complex of natural wetlands which includes nearby Lake Burrumbeet and Lake Learmonth on the plains of the Central Highlands. The swamp was dammed following the Victorian gold rush in 1851 and since the 1860s it has been a popular recreational lake for Ballarat&#39;s citizens. Lake Wendouree now holds significant historical, environmental and recreational values to the Ballarat community. The lake hosted the rowing and canoeing events during the 1956 Olympic Games.</p><br>
<p>During its history, the shallow lake has dried up during drought conditions, the most recent an extended period between 2006 and 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In ancient times Lake Wendouree was originally a stream which flowed to the west but a lava flow caused it to be dammed on three sides and it now drains to the east, eventually into the Yarrowee River. The swamp was known to Europeans as "Black Swamp" due to its dense dark reeds. It was later known as "Yuille&#39;s Swamp" after William Cross Yuille who settled just south of it. When Ballarat was first surveyed in 1851 by W S Urquhart the swamp was recorded as Wendouree and the misunderstood aboriginal word became the official name. Plans to dam the outlet stream that flowed from the swamp began as early as the first surveying and the bank raised and pipes installed and it became the first permanent water supply for the burgeoning gold rush settlement. A corroboree was observed at the Wendouree Swamp in March 1857 by a Ballarat Times reporter.</p><br>
<p>In 1864 a rowing course was first cut through the reedy swamp and the first steamboats arrived. In 1869 a severe drought caused the lake to dry up completely however the water returned the following year and the boats returned. Within a decade it had become the recreational focus of Ballarat, a popular destination and by the 1880s dozens of paddle steamers, ferries, yachts and rowers were using the lake&#39;s waters and newly built boat sheds and the establishment of Victorian era gardens around its banks.</p><br>
<p>Lake Wendouree hosted the rowing and canoeing events for the 1956 Summer Olympics. An Olympic monument now marks the end of the course.</p><br>
<p>Apart from private bore water the lake quickly ceased being the city&#39;s private water supply with the introduction of new sources including the Gong Gong Reservoir.</p><br>
<h3>2000s drought</h3><br>
<p>The 2000s drought in Australia caused Lake Wendouree to dry up in 2006. Despite warnings by the local council and news publications, local enthusiasts combed below the surface of the dry lake bed for artifacts, including antique glass bottles. The activities of many local clubs and centres including boating clubs, rowing clubs and recreational fishing were suspended and the dry lake had a large tourism impact on Ballarat.</p><br>
<p>A better than expected winter rainfall in 2010, as well as storm water and wetland works in 2008/2009 saw the lake again reach full capacity in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The reed beds and islands provide sanctuary for a variety of wildlife. Of the recorded 166 species, the most commonly seen waterbirds are black swans, Pacific black ducks, dusky moorhens, purple swamphens, Eurasian coots, musk ducks, great crested grebes, silver gulls and little pied cormorants. Information boards at the Fairyland Wetland Walk provide details about species and habitats.</p><br>
<p>About 100 rakali are scattered around the shore and are sometimes seen in Fairyland at dawn and dusk. The diversity of pondlife is rich and attracts numerous school groups making visits for environmental science field studies.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>A vintage electric tramway operates along the western side of the lake. The volunteers of the Ballarat Tramway Museum have preserved fifteen trams and memorabilia from Ballarats tramway era. Attracting twenty thousand passengers each year, it is one of Ballarats most popular tourist attractions. Double-decker horse-drawn trams began carrying visitors to the Ballarat Botanical Gardens in 1887.</p><br>
<p>Paddlesteamers have used the lake in the past for both transport and as a tourist attraction and the most popular one, the Golden City is being restored for return to the lake. paddleboat returned to Lake Wendouree in 2012 after being restored by the current owner and currently and is a popular attraction on the Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Boating has long been an important sport and leisure activity on the lake and for many years local schools have held the "Head of the Lake" rowing regatta there.</p><br>
<p>The track around the lake provides an interesting 6 km challenge to walking, cycling and running enthusiasts who complete the circuit in their thousands each week, irrespective of the weather. For serious athletes, the record for running the 6 km lap of the lake is 16 minutes and 10 seconds, set in 1992 by Marathon Olympian Steve Moneghetti.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, it has been the venue for the annual Goldfields Festival and Springfest extravaganza.</p><br>
<p>Lake Santa Fe is a 5,850 acre spring-fed lake in northeastern Alachua County, Florida. The lake is located entirely in Alachua County, but is bounded on the east and South side by Bradford County, Clay County, and Putnam County. The Alachua County boundary extends to the ordinary high water line , which is 141 ft above mean sea level.</p><br>
<p>It forms the headwaters of the Santa Fe River, exiting from a "little" northern area (Little Lake Santa Fe) emptying into the Suwannee River. Lake Santa Fe offers abundant wildlife, excellent fishing and recreational boating. It is one of the largest and most stable lakes in Florida.</p><br>
<p>At "the pass" between the "big" southern arm and Little Lake Santa Fe shad school, and fishing is usually good for schooling largemouth bass and stocked sunshine bass. Numerous homes surround the lake, most with docks and ski boats; fishing is always best early and late or at night and on weekdays. In spite of development, the fish habitat is outstanding with many areas of bald cypress and healthy maidencane grass beds. The lake was stocked with 44,500 hybrid-striped bass in April 2005. The previous stocking of the lake occurred in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Lake Santa Fe is the third most stable of 120 lakes studied in Florida, as well as one of the clearest. It is designated by the State of Florida as an Outstanding Florida Water. It is supported by water flowing in at the southern extremity of the intermediate aquifer that outcrops in the lake bottom. Also it is a rather deep example of a karstic lake, with several spots that are 30-feet (9 m) or more.</p><br>
<p>Lake Santa Fe was the largest of a series of lakes that were connected by dredging canals in the 1870s and 1880s so that boats could travel between Melrose, Florida (at the time the center of a thriving citrus and tourist industry) and Waldo, the railroad terminal. The canal was dredged from Little Lake Santa Fe into Lake Alto. This canal is visible today. Water and railroad were the major means of transportation for passengers and freight across Florida at that time. Prosperity in this area followed the Reconstruction. The first boat that made the journey through the canal system was the "Fannie S. Lewis" in 1880, and the last was the "City of Melrose" in 1925. Improved roads and the automobile doomed the era of steamships in Alachua County and the canals fell into disuse.</p><br>
<p>The rural unincorporated communities of Melrose and Earleton are located on the lake. North of the lakes is Santa Fe Swamp, mostly a wildlife and environmental conservation area managed by the Suwannee River Water Management District.</p><br>
<p>Bairoko Harbor is situated along the northwestern shore of the island of New Georgia in the Solomon Islands.</p><br>
<p>During World War II Japan used Bairoko Harbor to resupply its forces at Munda Point, an airstrip situated along the south coast of New Georgia. Allied forces deemed Munda critical for control of this section of the Solomon Islands and necessary for the continued progress northward toward Japan.</p><br>
<p>After capturing Enogai, a village situated a few miles east of Bairoko Harbor, the Northern Landing Group of United States Marines comprising the 1st and 4th Marine Raider Battalions assaulted the harbor on June 20, 1943. Greatly outmanned, the lightly armed Marines failed to overcome the deeply entrenched, heavily armed Japanese defenders in the resulting Battle of Bairoko and were turned back after horrific losses in dense jungle fighting.</p><br>
<p>The loss marked the first time the Marine Raiders had failed to take an objective, and was blamed in part on failure of the United States Army Air Corps to provide air support for the operation as requested. The battle caused the Joint Chiefs to rethink the strategy of pitting lightly armed forces against well-fortified enemy forces, and the operation planners drew the criticism of the Joint Chiefs for having marginalized the entire operation "as if it had been a sideshow".</p><br>
<p>Unable to prevent the loss of Munda to the Allies due to assaults on the airstrip by other forces, the Japanese evacuated the entire island of New Georgia via Bairoko Harbor within a month of the initial attack. From New Georgia the Allies continued "up the slot" toward Japan, fighting next at Bougainville.</p><br>
<p>Mount Moroto, also Moroto Mountain , is a mountain in Uganda.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is adjacent to the town of Moroto in Moroto District, Karamoja, Northern Region of Uganda. It is approximately 3 km, by road, east of Morotos central business district. Mount Moroto is one of a chain of volcanoes along Ugandas international border with Kenya that begins with Mount Elgon in the south and includes Mount Kadam and Mount Morungole. The region around Mount Moroto is a forest reserve protecting a range of habitats from arid thorn savanna to dry montane forest. The coordinates of Mount Moroto are 2°3130.0"N, 34°4621.0"E (Latitude:2.5250; Longitude:34.7725).</p><br>
<h2>Mountain climbing</h2><br>
<p>The nature reserve that encloses Mount Moroto measures 483 km&sup2; and contains over 220 bird species, monkeys and wild cats. Climbing trails exist and mountain guides are available.</p><br>
<h2>Farming and irrigation</h2><br>
<p>The natural springs on the slopes of the mountain coalesce to form springs and small rivers. The World Food Program is teaching the Karimajong people how to harvest and store that water and use it to irrigate agricultural produce for household food and for income generation.</p><br>
<p>The Ibex Valley  is located approximately 16 km west of the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. The valley, and surrounding area, is governed by five elected councilors from the Ibex Valley Hamlet. The population is rural with a mixture of farms and country residential.</p><br>
<p>The Ibex Valley is bounded by Ibex Mountain to the south; Mount Arkell and Mount Ingram to the west; Mount Sumanik and Mount Williams to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The valley is generally undeveloped, with some recreational use trails. The vegetation consists of coniferous trees and grasslands typically found in the sub-alpine ecosystem. The southern (higher) portion of the valley runs from south to north for about 15 km, at which point the axis of the valley turns to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>This southeast - northwest section of the valley has a much shallower slope and the valley floor is wider.</p><br>
<h3>Surficial Geology</h3><br>
<p>Generally, near surface geology of the valley consists of fluvial and glaciofluvial deposits of sand, gravel and silt units in the bottom of the valley. The valley sideslopes are made up of varying layers of colluvium and/or till moraines overlying bedrock. In some areas, the bedrock is exposed on the valley walls.</p><br>
<h2>Land use</h2><br>
<p>As the valley is mostly undeveloped, the land use is primarily recreational. Some trails exist. The trails are typically used for hiking, mountain biking, bouldering, cross country skiing, snow mobiling and dog sleding.</p><br>
<h2>Foothills Pipeline/Alaska Pipeline Project</h2><br>
<p>In 1982, a pipeline right of way was granted to Foothills Pipeline Ltd (now a wholly owned subsidy of TransCanada Pipelines Limited) by the Northern Pipeline Agency. The proposed pipeline has undergone several name changes since the late &#39;70s and is now called the Alaska Pipeline Project. The right of way travels through a portion of the Ibex Valley between the Alaska Highway near the Mendenhall subdivision and the north end of Fish Lake.</p><br>
<p>Lopud is a small island 4.63 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>off the coast of Dalmatia, southern Croatia. Lopud is economically the most developed of the Elaphiti Islands, and can be reached by boat from Dubrovnik, Trsteno, Orasac and Zaton. The island is famous for its sandy beaches, in particular the bay of Šunj. Lopud is the second largest island of the Elaphiti islands, between Kolocep and Sipan. It is famous as the "island in the middle" (Insula Media, or Mezzo). It has an area of 4.63 km&sup2; and its highest point is Polačica, 216 m above sea level. It has 11.5 km of coastline, of which 1.2 km is sandy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On 22 July 1813, marines and seamen from and captured the French garrison on the island, which consisted of six guns and 59 men.</p><br>
<p>Station Square is a 52 acre indoor and outdoor shopping and entertainment complex located in the South Shore neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States across the Monongahela River from the Golden Triangle of downtown Pittsburgh. Station Square occupies the buildings and land formerly occupied by the historic Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad Complex, including the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad Station, which are separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>With 275,000 ft&sup2; of retail space, it features nearly 60 stores, restaurants and entertainment venues, including Highmark Stadium and the 396-room Sheraton at Station Square. As one of Pittsburgh’s largest tourist destinations, it attracts more than three million people annually, including many Pittsburgh natives. The retail development was built at the location of a former station on the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, with many of the original structures such as the freight house building and the concourse being converted into restaurants and a shopping mall. Proximity to a stop on the Port Authority of Allegheny County T Pittsburgh Light Railsystem, and the dock for the Gateway Clipper Fleet of local river cruise boats makes Station Square a major parking and jumping-off point for activities and events around the city. The property is operated by Cleveland-based Forest City Enterprises.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, the Station Square complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the "Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad Complex."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Station Square was conceptualized by Arthur P. Ziegler, Jr., one of the founding national leaders of historic preservation in the United States, and President of the Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation, or Landmarks. Landmarks developed the site in 1976 as a mixed-use historic adaptive reuse development that gave the foundation the opportunity to put its urban planning principles into practice.</p><br>
<p>Aided by an initial gift from the Allegheny Foundation in 1976, Landmarks adapted five historic Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad buildings for new uses and added a hotel, a dock for the Gateway Clipper Fleet, and parking areas. Now shops, offices, restaurants and entertainment anchor the historic riverfront site on the south shore of the Monongahela River, opposite the Golden Triangle (Pittsburgh). It reflects a $100 million investment from all sources, with the lowest public cost and highest taxpayer return of any major renewal project in the Pittsburgh region since the 1950s. In 1994, Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation sold Station Square to Cleveland owned Forest City Enterprises which created an endowment to help support its restoration efforts and educational programs. Each year the staff and docents of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation introduce more than 10,000 people — teachers, students, adults, and visitors — to the architectural heritage of the Pittsburgh region and to the value of historic preservation.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hayq or Lake Haik  is a freshwater lake of Ethiopia. It is located north of Dessie, in the Debub Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region . The town of Hayq is to the west of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hayq is 6.7 km long and 6 km wide, with a surface area of 23 km². It has a maximum depth of 88 m and is at an elevation of 2,030 meters above sea level. It is one of two lakes in the Tehuledere woreda.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to a local legend, the lake was created to avenge a pregnant woman who was wronged by a princess. God was greatly angered by this injustice, and in his wrath turned all of the land surrounding the woman (except the ground she was sitting on) into the water forming a lake, destroying the princess along with her friends and family in the process. Where the pregnant woman was sitting became an island (now a peninsula) where Istifanos Monastery, founded in the middle of the 13th century by Iyasus Mo&#39;a, is located.</p><br>
<p>A former student of Iyasus Moa, Tekle Haymanot, went on to found the monastery of Debra Asbos (renamed in the 15th century to Debre Libanos) in Shewa. Tekle Haymanot was one of five bright young religious students who became the "five lights of Christianity" for the south of Ethiopia. Iyasus Moa also played a role in Yekuno Amlaks overthrow of the Zagwe dynasty, and helped restore the Solomonic dynasty. Upon Yekuno Amlaks ascension to the throne, Istifanos Church became Istifanos Monastery.</p><br>
<p>The church was established around the 8th century during the Axumite era and was the first one in what was then the Amhara province. The events surrounding its establishment, however, are not clear. Some legends suggest that there was an Aksumite palace in Ambasselle opposite the modern Istifanos monastery, located on the opposite side of the Lake Hayq. Imam Ahmad Gragn looted and burned this church in November, 1531. The ruins of the church are still visible, and the legend states that the kings and princes who lived in that palace established the church.</p><br>
<p>The first known European to view the lake was Francisco Álvares, who passed near it 21 September 1520. He mentions the lake had hippopotamuses and catfish, and the land around it was planted in lemons, oranges, and citrons.</p><br>
<p>The Taft Bridge, also known as the Connecticut Avenue Bridge or William Howard Taft Bridge, is a historic bridge located in the Northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C. It carries Connecticut Avenue over the Rock Creek gorge, including Rock Creek and the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, connecting the neighborhoods of Woodley Park and Kalorama. It is situated to the southwest of the Duke Ellington Bridge.</p><br>
<p>On July 3, 2003, the Taft Bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Classical Revival bridge was built between 1897&ndash;1907. It was designed by engineer George S. Morison and architect Edward Pearce Casey. In 1931, the bridge was renamed in honor of USA President William Howard Taft, who frequently walked the bridge while Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>During early planning for the Washington Metro in the 1960s, the Red Line was slated to run across the bridge to connect Dupont Circle and Woodley Park. Instead, the metro was built underground.</p><br>
<h2>Perry Lions</h2><br>
<p>The bridge is "guarded" by four large male lions, two on each end of the bridge (each approx. 7 ft. x 6 ft. 6 in. x 13 ft.). Two of the lions rest on all fours with their heads tilted upwards and mouths slightly open while the other pair lie with their eyes closed, apparently sleeping. They were originally designed and sculpted by Roland Hinton Perry in 1906 out of cast concrete (the bridge as a whole is one of the first cast concrete bridges in the country) and were installed in 1907.</p><br>
<p>In 1964 the lions were restored and weatherproofed by Washington based sculptor Renato Luccetti, although this restoration proved to be less than entirely successful. When a major rehabilitation of the bridge began in 1993, the lions, which were in very bad condition, were removed for further restoration. They may have been stored in the Air Rights Tunnel on southbound I-395, although this is unclear. The sculptures were finally found to be beyond restoring.</p><br>
<p>The sculptor Reinaldo Lopez-Carrizo of Professional Restoration eventually produced molds based on the existing sculptures and photographs, and used them to cast new concrete lion sculptures that were installed on the bridge in July and August 2000. The same molds were used to cast bronze lions installed at the main pedestrian entrance to the National Zoo farther north on Connecticut Avenue in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Bairstow Eagle Lampposts</h2><br>
<p>Twenty-four lampposts are equally spaced along both sides of the Taft Bridge. Created by sculptor Ernest Bairstow in 1906 the lampposts are composed of concrete bases (approx. H. 5 ft. 8 in. W. 4 ft.) with painted iron lampposts (approx. H. 17 ft. W. 4 ft.) set in them. The pedestals are decorated with garland and a fluted column featuring acanthus leaves at the top and bottom. Above the leaves is a horizontal bracket with two globes hanging from each side of the column. Each lamppost is topped with a painted iron eagle with its wings spread.</p><br>
<p>A replica of the Bairstow eagles is seen in a World War I monument in Middletown, Delaware.</p><br>
<p>The Dumbarton Bridge, also known as the Q Street Bridge and the Buffalo Bridge, is a historic masonry arch bridge in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Dumbarton Bridge was built between 1914 and 1915 to convey Q Street Northwest across Rock Creek Park between the city&#39;s Dupont Circle and Georgetown neighborhoods.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Proposals</h3><br>
<p>Around 1905, the residents of Georgetown wanted to reduce traffic to Washington along M Street. One frequently proposed idea was to divert the water of Rock Creek through a tunnel under current-day 27th Street NW, then fill in Rock Creeks beds, and extend Georgetowns streets to Washington. The cost of diverting and filling in the creek was estimated to be $4.5 million. Estimates to build the bridge ranged from $150,000 to $200,000,</p><br>
<p>Another idea was to move the Woodley Lane Bridge to the Q Street location rather than build a new bridge altogether. Engineers determined that the cost to move the Woodley Lane bridge would be too great and the Woodley Lane Bridge would not be available to be moved until its replacement, the Connecticut Avenue Bridge, was completed.</p><br>
<p>Legislation to fund the bridge&#39;s construction was introduced to Congress in December 1910, and Congress approved it two months later. Congress appropriated $275,000 to build the bridge and $75,000 to condemn property,</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The bridge&#39;s design was by Glenn Brown, and the engineering design was by Daniel B. Luten.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is significant as showing the impact of the City Beautiful movement in Washington and the association of architects, engineers and sculptors with the citys new Commission of Fine Arts. The architects studied photographs of bridges around the world choosing as models a Roman aqueduct and a mountain bridge in Italy with intent to set a precedent for further city bridges. The color of the bridges stone was intended to evoke the warm tones of Spain and Italy. Along with the buffalo theme the arches are decorated by Indian head designs by Glenn Brown based on a life mask of the Sioux Chief Kicking Bear in the Smithsonian Institution.</p><br>
<p>The curved design is due to need to match the section of Q Street NW in Dupont Circle that is slightly north of the section in Georgetown. In order to accommodate the bridge&#39;s approach and to keep the street continuous within Georgetown the Dumbarton House, then known as Bellevue, was moved about 100 feet northward from its original site in the middle of the current Q Street to its present position on the north side of the Street.</p><br>
<p>The District requested bids to construct the bridge in June 1913, but none of the four bids were within the appropriated budget.</p><br>
<p>The plans were modified so that there would only be five spans rather than seven in order to save costs. The project went out to bid again in November. A.L. Guidone won the construction bid.</p><br>
<p>Its four buffalo sculptures, the largest cast in a single piece of bronze, are by Alexander Phimister Proctor, who also designed the on the Sixteenth Street Bridge. The budget to build the bridge was set at $275,000.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the bridge began on March 14, 1914.</p><br>
<h3>Opening</h3><br>
<p>The bridge was officially opened at 4 p.m. on December 24, 1915. It was then known as the Q Street Bridge. The bridge was lit by incandescent lamps.</p><br>
<p>The Commissioners of the District of Columbia officially gave it the name of Dumbarton Bridge on June 5, 1916. According to the Commissioners&#39; written statement, "Dumbarton bridge commemorates the name of the tract of land upon which was laid out the easterly part of Georgetown, and to which Ninian Beall received letters patent from the British crown."</p><br>
<p>The Dumbarton Bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 16, 1973.</p><br>
<p>Pambamarca  is an eroded stratovolcano in the Central Cordillera of the northern Ecuadorian Andes in Pichincha Province. it is 25 mi northeast of Quito. The summit is at an elevation of 4,062 m.</p><br>
<p>The mountains of the Pambamarca in the Andean Highlands of Ecuador has many Pre-Columbian fortresses that predate the arrival of the Spanish in the region; Pambamarca has the greatest concentration of these forts. The Pambamarca Fortress Complex has been studied with participation by many international organizations, Universities, and the Government of Ecuador with the objective of exploring the cultural landscapes, its prehistoric, historic and contemporary cultures, particularly of Ecuador’s important Pre-Columbian cultural heritage. In 1998, Pambamarca was placed on the tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fortifications originated with the Inca Empire who conquered Ecuador easily, and established themselves at Quito. Noting that the local indigenous community settled in Pambamarca were docile, the Incas thought that they could move in and occupy the territories outside Quito. But they faced serious resistance, and the war lasted 17 years before the Incas could finally conquer the Ecuadorians in the 1500s, with the fall of the fortresses. Following this, the Incas built many fortresses and lived in them. Among the provinces to the north of Quito the pre-Hispanic fortresses are concentrated in the mountain range of Pambamarca.</p><br>
<p>Inferred from the Cayambe pottery in use in the region, archaeologist examining the area are of the opinion that Cayambe culture has prevailed "as some peoples decided after many years of resistance and warfare to simply lay down their arms or become allies with the Inca."</p><br>
<p>After Spanish people invaded Ecuador and Peru, not only smallpox took a big toll on the local population of Inca but due to the superior gunpowder power of the invaders their last stronghold at Vilcabamba also fell in 1572.</p><br>
<p>After the Spanish conquest of Ecuador the Spaniards built estates known as haciendas. The Cayambe were subjected to forced labour in these estates, working on wool processing and living in primitive homes.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>According to a legend that relates to the period, Huayna Capac, ruler of the Incas with an ambitious plan of winning the Cayambe got muddled in a 17 years&#39; war even though they invaded with a large army. The Cayambes noted the large army of invaders had retreated to a large and strong fortress. When the Incas laid siege on the fort, the Cayambes’ were not cowed but gave a brave fight which eventually forced the Incas to lift the siege as they had lost many men in the fight.</p><br>
<p>However, the Incas finally defeated the Cayambes and forced them to retreat to the shores of the lake Yawarkucha. It is also said that the Incas cut the throats of their enemies and threw them into the lake, which turned red with blood, and thus the lake got the epithet "Yawarkucha" meaning "blood lake". This aspect of the legend is to be confirmed by further explorations by archeologists examining the areas.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Jorge Juan y Santacilia and Louis Godin, on their voyage through South America to fix signals for surveys, arrived at the "desert of Pambamarca" in early September 1737. A mountain of medium height in this desert is also named Pambarmarca. One of the largest group of fortresses (on the hill which is called locally as pukaras) seen in Ecuador was the Pambamarca Group located along a ridge running in a north–south direction. These military structures provided security to Quito fortress and other forts such as Jambimachi, Pambamarca, Pachha, Campana, Olachan Tablarumi, Achupallas, Guachala and Bravo.</p><br>
<h2>Cloudbow</h2><br>
<p>From the top of the Pambarmarca mountain, a strange weather phenomenon was noticed by Don Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa and several other climbers who had gone there to establish signal posts for surveys. As the cloud covered hills became clear of the clouds and frost with the Sun rising, each person on the hill top started noticing his own image at distance of about 10 miles opposite to the Sun. In this image, the head of each one of them appeared (individually) within the centre of three concentric irises (with colours coalescing with each other) as if each one, individually, was seeing his mirror image; these were perpendicular to the horizon. An arch in white colour was seen at a distance from the three irises, circumscribing them. The diameter of the central iris was initially measured as 5.5 degrees while the arch around the circles was 57 degrees in size. Initially, the arches were seen in oval shape and as the Sun rose above the horizon it changed to a perfect circular shape, like the disc of the Sun. The arches displayed red colour bordered by orange colour, followed by bright yellow becoming straw colour and finally into green. However, the outer arch was seen all through in red colour only. Similar arches were seen when the Moon was rising. Such a phenomenon was noticed by the survey team frequently on the mountains here. In the past, others had also observed this phenomenon and named it as the "frostbow" or "cloudbow" as the cloud vaporized with sun rise. They are also called it the White rainbows unlike the rainbows which formed after rains.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The Pambamarca Fortress Complex is a large installation of many Inca pucarás, located on the peaks and ridges of the extinct Pambamarca stratovolcano. During the current research by the Pambamarca Archaeological Project, the team uncovered pre-Inca fortresses at the base of Pambamarca. The existence of two types of forts and the recovery of many armaments is suggestive of a pre-Columbian borderland, which is an important and rare find in New World archaeology.</p><br>
<p>Another culture of special importance, which attracted the Incas to this region is that the mountains are located on the equatorial line. It is the unique feature not replicated any where else in the world and forms the dividing line for the culture. The mounds found here have been used by the local Indians as landmarks for solar and star position calculations.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological finds</h2><br>
<p>The Incan Forts discovered in the Pambamarca extinct volcano region are 20, apart from two fortresses built by the Cayambe, the ethnic people of Ecuador. These fortresses have been identified as about 500 years old. According to the Director of the Archaeological Project these are inferred to represent border region between the fortresses built by the Ecuadorian people and the Inca. More fortresses are likely to be found in the entire northern region of Ecuador, which need further explorations.</p><br>
<p>The Inca forts located at about 10,000 ft elevation on ridges were built with stones laid over plinths called ushnus. Archeologists have inferred that these forts were inhabited and people living in them were ready for fighting with stone slings kept ready for use.</p><br>
<p>The two Cayambe forts built with strong volcanic material known locally as cangahua are of large size which were inhabited. The forts were also well stocked with ammunition of two types-sling stones and bola stones.</p><br>
<p>The Lunsemfwa River is a tributary of the Lukasashi and Luangwa Rivers in Zambia and part of the Zambezi River basin. It is a popular river for fishing, containing large populations of tigerfish and bream.</p><br>
<p>It rises on the south-central African plateau at an elevation of about 1250 m to the north of Mkushi and just south of the border of Congo Pedicle, and flows south. It is used to generate hydroelectric power for the Kabwe mines through the Mita Hills Dam, built in the 1950s with a reservoir about 30 km long by 3-5 km wide, and another power station at Lunsemfwa Falls.</p><br>
<p>About 30 km below the dam it enters a remote and inaccessible gorge which it has cut back into the plateau from the edge of the Luangwa Rift Valley into which it flows. Known as the Lunsemfwa Wonder Gorge it is 20 km long, up to 500 m deep and about 1 km wide at the top.</p><br>
<p>A viewpoint called Bell Point overlooks the confluence of the Lunsemfwa and its tributary the Mkushi River, about 15 km along the gorge, and can be reached on a dirt track.</p><br>
<p>The Lunsemfwa enters the Luangwa Rift valley about 40 km from its western end, where the valley is about 45 km wide. It flows to the middle of the valley and turns east as a meandering river with oxbow lakes and a floodplain 1-2 km wide. 100 km further on it merges with the Lukusashi coming from the north-east, and the combined river turns south towards the Luangwa River.</p><br>
<p>Searles Lake is an endorheic dry lake in the Searles Valley of the Mojave Desert, in northwestern San Bernardino County, California.</p><br>
<p>The mining community of Trona is on its western shore. The evaporite basin is approximately 19 km long and 13 km at its widest point, yielding 1.7 million tons annually of industrial minerals within the basin to the Searles Valley Minerals mining operations. Searles Lake is bounded by the Argus and Slate Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The stratigraphic record at Searles Lake shows that it once held brackish water as deep as 200 m. Fluctuations in lake levels correspond to the advances and retreats of glaciers in the Sierra Nevada Range. Thirty major lake levels occurred during the last 150,000 years, represented by a sequence of salt and mud beds. The precipitation of minerals occurred during long periods of lake evaporation.</p><br>
<p>The lake is home to the Trona Pinnacles, a spectacular geologic tufa formation and a National Natural Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Borax was first produced from the dry lake surface in 1873 by John Searles under the name of the San Bernardino Borax Mining Company. Searles was the first to haul borax using the famous 20 mule team wagons. In 1873, before the railroad was built to Mojave, refined borax was hauled 175 miles by 20 mule teams from Slate Range Playa (now called Searles Lake) to the harbor at San Pedro. The Searles Lake borax discovery has been designated as California Historical Landmark #774, with a plaque at the roadside rest area in Trona. From 1922 to 1928 the Epsom Salts Monorail crossed the Searles Lake on a wooden trestle.</p><br>
<h2>Mineralogy</h2><br>
<p>Searles Lake is a huge resource of sodium and potassium minerals of the carbonate, sulfate, borate and halide classes of mineralogy. The manufacture of industrial minerals involves a complex solution mining operation in which naturally occurring brines are pumped from wells completed in several salt beds. The brine wells range in depth from near-surface to over 100 meters below the salt pan. A network of production wells, injection wells, solar ponds and piping are used in the production and treatment of the brines.</p><br>
<p>Industrial minerals are extracted from the brines at the Argus, Trona and Westend plants. Minerals are crystallized from the brines, screened, washed, and dried. The crystals are then baked in rotary kilns to drive off water molecules locked in the crystalline structure. Some recrystallization may be required to achieve a desired composition and granular density. This complex extraction process at the 3 plants is generally referred to as fractional crystallization. It includes the treatment of brines through carbonation extraction, refrigeration extraction and/or solvent extraction. Salt is also harvested from the lake surface and from solar ponds.</p><br>
<p>Commodities produced by Searles Valley Minerals from their Searles Lake operations include borax, V-Bor (borax with 5 moles of water), anhydrous borax, boric acid, soda ash, salt cake and salt. Mineral reserves exceed 4 billion tons.</p><br>
<h3>Mineral List</h3><br>
<p>Analcime</p><br>
<p>Aphthitalite</p><br>
<p>Borax</p><br>
<p>Burkeite</p><br>
<p>Galeite</p><br>
<p>Gaylussite</p><br>
<p>Gypsum var: Selenite</p><br>
<p>Halite</p><br>
<p>Hanksite</p><br>
<p>Heulandite</p><br>
<p>Feldspar</p><br>
<p>Merlinoite</p><br>
<p>Mirabilite</p><br>
<p>Nahcolite</p><br>
<p>Northupite</p><br>
<p>Opal</p><br>
<p>Phillipsite</p><br>
<p>Pirssonite</p><br>
<p>Schairerite</p><br>
<p>Searlesite</p><br>
<p>Sulphohalite</p><br>
<p>Teepleite</p><br>
<p>Thenardite</p><br>
<p>Tincalconite</p><br>
<p>Trona</p><br>
<p>Tychite</p><br>
<p>Ulexite</p><br>
<h2>Trona Pinnacles</h2><br>
<p>The Trona Pinnacles are in the managed by the Bureau of Land Management.</p><br>
<p>Causey Pike is a fell in the English Lake District. It is situated in the Newlands Valley, 5 km south-west of the town of Keswick. Even though it has a modest height of 637 metres  it is one of the most distinctive fells when viewed from the Derwent Water and Keswick area due to its distinguishing summit "knobble" which catches the eye. The fell is one of 214 fells described by Alfred Wainwright in his series of Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells: Causey Pike features in Book Six, The North Western Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The North Western Fells occupy the area between the rivers Derwent and Cocker, a broadly oval swathe of hilly country, elongated on a north–south axis. Two roads cross from east to west, dividing the fells into three convenient groups. The central sector, rising between Whinlatter Pass and Newlands Pass, includes Causey Pike. The highest ground in the North Western Fells is an east–west ridge in this central sector, beginning with Grasmoor above Crummock Water and then gradually descending eastwards over Crag Hill, Sail, Scar Crags and Causey Pike.</p><br>
<p>Causey Pike is separated from Barrow and Outerside to the north by Stonycroft Gill. Southward across Rigg Beck is Ard Crags. Causey Pike has a long blunt-ended shoulder running eastward to the Newlands Valley, dropping steeply from its terminus at Rowling End.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The entire hill is formed from Ordovician-age rocks assigned to the Skiddaw Group. The summit ridge and northern slopes are composed of the laminated mudstone and siltstone of the Kirkstile Formation, whilst the summit knobble and southern slopes are formed from the Buttermere Formation, an olistostrome of disrupted, sheared and folded mudstone, siltstone and sandstone. The eastern spur and Rowling End reveal the large olistoliths of greywacke sandstone of the Robinson Member, a sub-unit of the Buttermere Formation.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The direct ascent of the fell is usually started from the Newlands valley at Stonycroft where there is some car parking space; this route is steep at the beginning and the end with an easier section in the middle, the final 20 metres of ascent being a rocky scramble. An easier and longer alternative from the same starting point goes by an old track which used to serve the cobalt mine on the slopes of Scar Crags, this approaches the fell "from the back" reaching Sail Pass and then crossing the summit of Scar Crags before attaining Causey Pike. The fell is also part of the horseshoe walk known as the Coledale Round which is usually started at the village of Braithwaite just west of Keswick (but can also be started in the Newlands Valley) and includes the additional fells of Grisedale Pike, Hopegill Head, Grasmoor, Eel Crag, Sail and Scar Crags. It is a strenuous 11-mile (18-km) ridge walk with over 4000 feet (1200 m) of ascent.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the fell is unique: it is a narrow ridge with the highest point being on the "knobble" but with four other smaller bumps of almost equal height further on. The scree slopes around the summit have yielded some fossils: trilobites, trace fossils and graptolites are found on rare occasions. The view from the summit is extensive with Derwentwater, the Newlands valley, Skiddaw, Blencathra and the Helvellyn range seen very well.</p><br>
<h2>Fell race</h2><br>
<p>There is an annual Causey Pike fell race which takes place in March; it starts and finishes in the Newlands Valley and has a distance of 4.5 miles (7 km) with 542 metres (1780 ft) of climbing. The 2005 race was won in a time of 32 minutes 51 seconds.</p><br>
<p>Crapo Park  is a city park with arboretum and botanical garden, alongside the Mississippi River at Parkway Drive, Burlington, Iowa. Those who are not familiar with the park often mispronounce it as "crap-oh" Park, with the correct pronunciation being Park.</p><br>
<p>It is reputed to be the site where the American flag was first raised on Iowa&#39;s soil, by Zebulon Pike in 1805.</p><br>
<p>The park includes an arboretum containing more than 200 varieties of trees and shrubs, as well as botanical gardens of annuals and perennials. As of 2003, the following park trees were on Iowa&#39;s statewide "Big Tree" list: Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica), black hickory (Carya glabra), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), and black walnut (Juglans nigra).</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The park was established in 1895 by Philip Crapo, a local businessman and philanthropist, in time for the Iowa semi-centennial (1896), with landscape engineering by Earnshaw and Punshon of Cincinnati, Ohio. The park includes walking paths and four shelters, as well as Lake Starker (constructed 1905, 1.5 acre, 0.6 hectares), the Hawkeye Natives Log Cabin (replica constructed 1910), Zebulon Pike Memorial, and Foehlinger Fountain. It also includes the Black Hawk Spring and Cave, commemorating Chief Black Hawk. One can crawl for more than a hundred feet through a rock tube before the passage gets too small. A cold spring runs through the cave as well. The neighboring Dankwardt Park is popular with frisbee-golf enthusiasts.</p><br>
<p>One of the primary downsides of the park is the narrow roads that wind through it, the road width, and the brick drainages on either side, which taper rather sharply, can sometimes be a hazard, especially when a driver gets his tires stuck in the drainages.</p><br>
<p>The park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, Main Street was blocked off while crews attempted to repair or replace the aging 150-year-old Cascade Bridge, which leads to the park; As of November, 2016, the bridge remains closed.</p><br>
<p>Tromsdalen  is a valley in the city of Tromsø in Troms county, Norway. It is located just to the east of the city centre on the mainland along the coast of the Tromsøysundet. The 5.13 km&sup2; village area located in this valley has a population  of 16,071; giving the area a population density of 3,133 PD/km2.</p><br>
<p>Tromsdalen (Troms valley) is connected to the island of Tromsøya by the Tromsø Bridge. European route E8 runs through the northern part of Tromsdalen. The Tromsdalselva river flows through the valley. The Arctic Cathedral is located in the valley.</p><br>
<p>Popular attractions in Tromsdalen are the Arctic Cathedral and the Fjellheisen aerial tramway to the top of a nearby fell; the tramway ends at an elevation of 420 m where the view is stunning. The mountain Tromsdalstinden is located at the eastern end of Tromsdalen and reaches an elevation of 1,238 m. The climb to the top of this mountain is very popular with the Tromsø residents, since mountain climbing equipment is not needed.</p><br>
<p>Cadbury Camp is an Iron Age hill fort in Somerset, England, near the village of Tickenham. It is a scheduled monument. Although primarily known as a fort during the Iron Age it is likely, from artefacts, including a bronze spear or axe head, discovered at the site, that it was first used in the Bronze Age and still occupied through the Roman era into the Anglo-Saxon period. It has been associated with Arthurian England and Camelot; however there is no evidence to support this.</p><br>
<p>The 7 acre hill fort is well preserved, and is managed by the National Trust through a Higher Level Stewardship agreement with Natural England which involves tree clearing, including non-native Turkey Oaks, and management of the scrub.</p><br>
<p>The name Cadbury is derived from "Cada&#39;s byrig&quot byrig is the Anglo-Saxon word meaning "fort" or "town", which is frequently, but not exclusively, used to refer to hill-forts. It is one of three sites in Somerset to include the Cadbury name, the others being Cadbury Castle, near South Cadbury and Cadbury Hill which is also known as Cadbury-Congresbury to distinguish it from the other sites.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Cadbury Camp is situated on a natural ridge between the Gordano Valley and the North Somerset Levels, next to the Limebreach Wood ancient woodland and nature reserve.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hill fort was constructed during the Iron Age, probably by the local Dobunni tribe, however the details are not fully known. The discovery of a bronze spear or axe head at the site indicates use before the Iron Age.</p><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated "the forts provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress of an increasing population burst out into open warfare. But I would not see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<p>The fort, which covers about 7 acre, consisted of ditches and earth banks topped with a wooden fence in an elevated position above the marshy land below. The ramparts are 45 ft apart. It extends approximately 190 m from north to south and 160 m from east to west. The ditch is around 2 m deep and the ramparts rise up around 1.5 m.</p><br>
<p>After the Iron Age occupation may have continued into the Roman era indicated by the discovery of pottery fragments, a small stone statue of Mars possibly from a Roman temple and coins of Claudius Gothicus and Valentinian II. The site may still have been occupied into the Anglo-Saxon period. Several of the finds were uncovered during excavations by Harold St George Gray in 1922, although the coin dating from around 370 was discovered in 1945 and a Romano-British relief in the inner defensive ditch in 1974. The relief was given to North Somerset Museum, and loaned to Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the site was used for bomb disposal and as the location for a searchlight battery.</p><br>
<h2>Current management</h2><br>
<p>The site was once part of the estate linked to Clevedon Court. It is now managed via a Higher Level Stewardship agreement between the National Trust and Natural England. This has involved removing trees whose roots are growing into the earthen banks of the site. In particular non native Turkey Oaks, which provide a habitat for damaging Gall wasps, are being removed. Cattle are also being used to manage the scrub and encourage the growth of flowers such as orchids.</p><br>
<h2>Myths and legends</h2><br>
<p>Local legends associate it with Arthurian England and Camelot, though these may be due to confusion with the better-known Cadbury Castle, near South Cadbury some 50 miles to the south.</p><br>
